1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONALSTUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES LƯU TÚ OANH A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCESS-ORIENTED WRITING FOR IELTS NGHIÊN CỨU HIỆU QUẢ CỦA PHƯƠNG PHÁP LUYỆN VIẾT THEO QUY TRÌNH CHUẨN BỊ CHO THI IELTS M. Minor Thesis Field : English methodology Code : 601410 Ha noi, 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONALSTUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES LƯU TÚ OANH A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCESS-ORIENTED WRITING FOR IELTS NGHIÊN CỨU HIỆU QUẢ CỦA PHƯƠNG PHÁP LUYỆN VIẾT THEO QUY TRÌNH CHUẨN BỊ CHO THI IELTS M. Minor Thesis Field : English methodology Code : 601410 Supervisor : LÊ VĂN CANH, Phd Ha noi, 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 5 Content Acknowledgement 2 PART 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………. Aims and scope of the study………………………………………….
Objectives of the study………………………………………………. Scope of the study……………………………………………………. Methods of the study…………………………………………………. What is writing?.
What is an academic essay?. What are the main types of academic essays?. Challenges of learners………………………………………………. Problems of the EFL learners……………………………………….
Major problems of Academic writing instruction in Vietnam context 15 2. Heavy emphasis on grammatical form…………………………… 17 2. Overemphasis on the final product………………………………… 18 2. Lack of genre-specific writing across the curriculum…………… 19 2.
The need for more diverse types of feedback……………………… 19 2. Writing in preparation classes for IELTS……………………………. IELS Academic writing – task 1 …………………………………. IELTS Academic writing – task 2………………………………… 21 2.
Problems of IELTS writing learners in Vietnam context……………. Approaches to teaching writing……………………………………. The Product Approach……………………………………………… 23 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Definitions of the product approach……………………………… 23 2.
Limitations of product approach…………………………………… 23 2. The process approach………………………………………………. Definitions of the process approach………………………………. Strengths of the process approach………………………………… 26 2.
Weaknesses of the process approach……………………………… 31 2. Differences between the product and process approach…………. 32 PART 3: THE STUDY……………………………………………………. Reasons for choosing an experimental research strategy…………….
The first instrument………………………………………………. The second instrument……………………………………………. Summary of the main findings……………………………………. Implications for Academic Writing Instruction………………….
Limitations of the study……………………………………………. Suggestions for further studies……………………………………. 74 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 7 LIST OF TABLES Table 3. 1: The arrangement of research time 52 Diagram 3.
The procedure of process oriented approach 53 Table 3. 3: Students‟ Pre-and Post-test Scores for the Content (%) 54 Table 3. 5: Students‟ Pre-and Post-test Scores for the Organization (%) 56 Table 3. 6: Lexical resource: (Total score=2.
7: Table 3: Students‟ Pre-and Post-test Scores for the Lexical resource (%) 57 Table 3. 8: Language use: (Total score=2. 9: Students‟ Pre-and Post-test Scores for the Language use (%) 59 Table 3.10: Students‟ Questionnaire 62 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 8 PART1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale The increasing number of Vietnamese students pursuing their academic training in English-speaking countries gives rise to the need to prepare the prospective students to go through the gate-keeper of the pre-departure examination, which is either TOEFL or IELTS.
In higher education in English speaking countries, in particular, many university courses evaluate students through some form of written text (e., essay exams, short- answer essays, research papers…). Competence in academic writing is very critical to both the success at the exam and that of the students‟ future study. Understandably, students who plan to pursue higher education abroad are supposed to demonstrate their ability to write well for academic purposes. Considering the great emphasis on writing at oversea universities, the kind of writing training Vietnamese students receive prior to their studies and the solutions to their problems in English academic writing need to be examined.
To investigate these issues could contribute to the improvement of writing instruction for Vietnamese EFL students who plan to study in academic programs in English speaking countries. Therefore, an appropriate score achieved by students in IELTS officially defined on http://www.org as the International English Language Testing System is one of the fundamental requirements for abroad university entry. IELTS, the results of which are used by three international organizations, British Council, Idp, and University of Cambridge, to assess your language skills when people want to study, work or live in an English-speaking country, exactly tests their ability to communicate in English. It is estimated that more than 700,000 people use the test to access opportunities in careers, study and migration every year.
IELTS are administered in over 500 centres globally four times a month. Examinees can optionally choose from two types of IELTS test: Academic or General Training, depending on whether they want to study, work or migrate. Both modules are made up of four parts – Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. IELTS results are graded on the TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 9 unique IELTS 9-band scale.
The test covers the full range of ability from non-user to expert user. Candidates are not limited in how many times they can sit the test. However, IELTS, which is increasingly important in Vietnam as mentioned above, is a great challenge for Vietnamese test-takers and test-trainers for a variety of reasons. The main reason is their lack of the required proficiency due to factors such as (a) a lack of qualified language teachers; (b) extremely large classes, with poor teacher-to-student ratios; (c) teaching methods which focus on grammar, vocabulary, and linguistic phenomena; and (e) lack of suitable, authentic teaching materials.
For academic writing skills only, non major Vietnamese students of English have been done a number of grammar exercises, but they have not learned how to write an academic paragraph or essay. Because the dominant teaching methods in Vietnam are grammar-centred, the development of students‟ academic writing skills is either ignored or superficially emphasized. Yet, in order to obtain high test scores in IELTS, along with continued concerns about grammar and vocabulary at sentence levels, Vietnamese students, especially, encountered various problems in recognizing and managing conventional differences between Vietnamese and English academic writing, such as the lack of knowledge about expected structure, style, organization and use of language. The motivation behind this study is that I, as a teacher, wish to find ways to help the students develop their academic writing more effectively so that they can achieve higher scores for the writing component in the IELTS.
I believe that a high score on the IELTS is so critical to most of the test-takers if they do not want to be disadvantaged in the competition for scholarship or for enrolment opportunity in foreign higher education institutions. The instructional strategy that I experimented with is the application of a process- oriented approach to writing. I believed that this approach would enhance the students‟ overall writing proficiency because it is revealed that instruction in process strategies TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 10 promoted the students‟ awareness of conceptual writing strategies and willingness to apply practical writing strategies to compose the writings which are perfectly constructed, academically styled, well organized, and correctly language used. Furthermore, the effects of the process oriented writing instruction may be sustainable over a period of time without further instruction.
The success of this teaching approach that has been documented in the literature suggests that this approach to writing teaching may help the students improve their writing performance in their IELTS. This assumption motivates the researcher to conduct this study. Aims and scope of the study 1. Objectives of the study This study is aimed at experimenting a process-oriented approach to academic writing in the context of an IELTS preparation course to a small group of Vietnamese adult learners (N=20).
Thus, the objectives of the study include: a) To test the effectiveness of the process-oriented approach on the students‟ overall competence in academic writing; b) To find out on which sub-skills of the academic writing skills the process- oriented approach is most effective. c) The findings of this study will have significant pedagogical implications for Academic writing curriculum planners, and teachers. Furthermore, it is expected that this study will shed light on the feasibility of incorporating process oriented writing instruction into IELTS academic writing preparation course. Research questions: This study aims to investigate the following research questions: (1) How does the process approach help the students progress in their writing profiency in terms of the content, organization, lexical resource, and language use as reflected in their writings? TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 11 (2) In which area(s) of the content, organisation, lexical resource, and language use do the students show least improvement with the process approach? (3) How do the students self-evaluate their progress in their writing proficiency with the process approach? 1.
Scope of the study The study is confined to the testing of the effectiveness of the process-oriented approach to the development of the academic writing skills of a small group of students who were studying for the IELTS. It is, therefore, a quasi-experimental study in nature. Thus, there is no intention of generalizing the findings. Significance Although no generalization of the findings of the study is intended, the study is significant in at least two ways.
First, it shows how effective the process-oriented approach to writing to preparing the students for their academic writing tests. Second, the findings can be applied beyond the test-preparation context to similar contexts of writing instruction, i. where the class size is small and the students are sufficiently motivated. Methods of the study Since the aim of the study is to test the effectiveness of the process-oriented approach to academic writing, two methods were used.
First, a quasi-experimental design was implemented over a period of 15 hours of classroom instruction. Second, a questionnaire was administered to the students by the end of the course in order to find out how the students perceived of the usefulness of the teaching approach under investigation. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. What is writing? To begin with, it is normally stated that writing is an expression of ideas - the conveying of message to readers, so the ideas themselves should arguably be seen as the most important aspect of it.
What is more, writing can take many forms, including anything from a shopping list, acting as an aide-memoire, through letters, both formal and informal, to academic texts like this essay. Each type of writing displays a variety of features which “can be observed within the sentence at the level of grammar, and beyond the sentence at the level of text structure. Therefore, each type of writing requires more or less skill, and the more complex the writing, the more essential writing skills are. Attention should also be paid to formal aspects: neat hand writing, correct spelling and punctuation, as well as acceptable grammar and careful selection of vocabulary (Penny 1996).
Writing is a productive skill which, Nunan (1999) also suggests, shares some functional characteristics with spoken discourse but also displays unique elements which are not common to both. Harmer (2004), on the other hand, views that the type of writing determines how similar spoken and written discourse are. Halliday (1985) cited in Nunan (1999 p. 275) outlines 3 main purposes for writing, namely “action” (including public signs, product labels, etc), “information” (including newspapers and magazines etc) and “entertainment” (including comic strips, novels, newspaper features etc).
So it appears that writing has many facets. What is an academic essay? As mentioned above, among many kinds of writing, this paper thoroughly works out and discuss academic assays which are usually identified as writings requiring no outside research (though they sometimes may). In academics, Maryanna Smith (2010) considers academic writing as a major assignment in which one is supposed to possess the TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 13 necessary academic writing skills. She adds that there are various academic writings such as term papers academic writing, dissertation academic writing and essay academic writing and academic paper writing.
Johnathan Ginsburg (2011) reassures that “once within the academic milieu, no matter what the program of study, students will be asked to write an essay.