About AP Japanese Language and Culture AP® Japanese Language and Culture Teacher’s Guide Yasu-Hiko Tohsaku University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California connect to college success® www.com The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,400 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®).
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Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: www.com/inquiry/cbpermit. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. ii About AP Japanese Language and Culture Contents Welcome Letter from the College Board. v Equity and Access.
vii Participating in the AP® Course Audit. About AP Japanese Language and Culture. 1 Overview: Past, Present, Future. 1 Course Description Essentials.
3 Key Concepts and Skills. Advice for AP Japanese Language and Culture Teachers. 13 First Things First. 13 Building Your Course and Developing Its Curriculum.
15 Ready for Teaching. 45 Five Sample Syllabi. The AP Exam in Japanese Language and Culture. 177 AP Exam Basics.
178 Scoring the AP Exam. 180 Preparing Your Students to Take the Exam. 182 Working with Your AP Coordinator. 185 After the Exam.
Resources for Teachers. 187 Useful Information Resources. 187 How to Address Limited Resources. 209 iii About AP Japanese Language and Culture Welcome Letter from the College Board Dear AP® Teacher: Whether you are a new AP teacher, using this AP Teacher’s Guide to assist in developing a syllabus for the first AP course you will ever teach, or an experienced AP teacher simply wanting to compare the teaching strategies you use with those employed by other expert AP teachers, we are confident you will find this resource valuable.
We urge you to make good use of the ideas, advice, classroom strategies, and sample syllabi contained in this Teacher’s Guide. You deserve tremendous credit for all that you do to fortify students for college success. The nurturing environment in which you help your students master a college-level curriculum—a much better atmosphere for one’s first exposure to college-level expectations than the often large classes in which many first-year college courses are taught—seems to translate directly into lasting benefits as students head off to college. An array of research studies, from the classic 1999 U.
Department of Education study Answers in the Tool Box to new research from the University of Texas and the University of California, demonstrate that when students enter high school with equivalent academic abilities and socioeconomic status, those who develop the content knowledge to demonstrate college-level mastery of an AP Exam (a grade of 3 or higher) have much higher rates of college completion and have higher grades in college. The 2005 National Center for Educational Accountability study shows that students who take AP courses have much higher college graduation rates than students with the same academic abilities who do not have that valuable AP experience in high school. Furthermore, a Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, formerly known as the Third International Mathematics and Science Study) found that even AP Calculus students who score a 1 on the AP Exam are significantly outperforming other advanced mathematics students in the United States, and they compare favorably to students from the top-performing nations in an international assessment of mathematics achievement. (Visit AP Central ® at http://apcentral .com for details about these and other AP-related studies.) For these reasons, the AP teacher plays a significant role in a student’s academic journey.
Your AP classroom may be the only taste of college rigor your students will have before they enter higher education. It is important to note that such benefits cannot be demonstrated among AP courses that are AP courses in name only, rather than in quality of content. For AP courses to meaningfully prepare students for college success, courses must meet standards that enable students to replicate the content of the comparable college class. Using this AP Teacher’s Guide is one of the keys to ensuring that your AP course is as good as (or even better than) the course the student would otherwise be taking in college.
While the AP Program does not mandate the use of any one syllabus or textbook and emphasizes that AP teachers should be granted the creativity and flexibility to develop their own curriculum, it is beneficial for AP teachers to compare their syllabi not just to the course outline in the official AP Course Description and in chapter 3 of this guide, but also to the syllabi presented on AP Central, to ensure that each course labeled AP meets the standards of a college-level course. Visit AP Central at apcentral.com for details about the AP Course Audit, course-specific Curricular Requirements, and how to submit your syllabus for AP Course Audit authorization. As the Advanced Placement Program® continues to experience tremendous growth in the twenty-first century, it is heartening to see that in every U. state and the District of Columbia, a growing proportion of high school graduates have earned at least one grade of 3 or higher on an AP Exam.
In some states, between 18 and 20 percent of graduating seniors have accomplished this goal. The incredible efforts of Chapter 1Letter Welcome AP teachers are paying off, producing ever greater numbers of college-bound seniors who are prepared to succeed in college. Please accept my admiration and congratulations for all that you are doing and achieving. Sincerely, Marcia Wilbur Executive Director, Curriculum and Content Development Advanced Placement Program vi About AP Japanese Language and Culture Equity and Access In the following section, the College Board describes its commitment to achieving equity in the AP Program.
Why are equitable preparation and inclusion important? Currently, 40 percent of students entering four-year colleges and universities and 63 percent of students at two-year institutions require some remedial education. This is a significant concern because a student is less likely to obtain a bachelor’s degree if he or she has taken one or more remedial courses.1 Nationwide, secondary school educators are increasingly committed not just to helping students complete high school but also to helping them develop the habits of mind necessary for managing the rigors of college. As Educational Leadership reported in 2004: The dramatic changes taking place in the U. economy jeopardize the economic future of students who leave high school without the problem-solving and communication skills essential to success in postsecondary education and in the growing number of high-paying jobs in the economy.
To back away from education reforms that help all students master these skills is to give up on the commitment to equal opportunity for all.2 Numerous research studies have shown that engaging a student in a rigorous high school curriculum such as is found in AP courses is one of the best ways that educators can help that student persist and complete a bachelor’s degree.3 However, while 57 percent of the class of 2004 in U. public high schools enrolled in higher education in fall 2004, only 13 percent had been boosted by a successful AP experience in high school.4 Although AP courses are not the only examples of rigorous curricula, there is still a significant gap between students with college aspirations and students with adequate high school preparation to fulfill those aspirations. Strong correlations exist between AP success and college success.5 Educators attest that this is partly because AP enables students to receive a taste of college while still in an environment that provides more support and resources for students than do typical college courses. Effective AP teachers work closely with their students, giving them the opportunity to reason, analyze, and understand for themselves.
As a result, AP students frequently find themselves developing new confidence in their academic abilities and discovering their previously unknown capacities for college studies and academic success. Andrea Venezia, Michael W. Kirst, and Anthony L. Antonio, Betraying the College Dream: How Disconnected K–12 and Postsecondary Education Systems Undermine Student Aspirations (Palo Alto, Calif.: The Bridge Project, 2003): 8.
Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, “Education and the Changing Job Market. In addition to studies from University of California–Berkeley and the National Center for Educational Accountability (2005), see the classic study on the subject of rigor and college persistence: Clifford Adelman, Answers in the Tool Box: Academic Intensity, Attendance Patterns, and Bachelor’s Degree Attainment (Washington, D. Department of Education, 1999).
Advanced Placement Report to the Nation (New York: College Board, 2005). Wayne Camara, “College Persistence, Graduation, and Remediation,” College Board Research Notes (RN-19) (New York: College Board, 2003). vii Chapterand Equity 1 Access Which students should be encouraged to register for AP courses? Any student willing and ready to do the work should be considered for an AP course. The College Board actively endorses the principles set forth in the following Equity Policy Statement and encourages schools to support this policy.
The College Board and the Advanced Placement Program encourage teachers, AP Coordinators, and school administrators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs. The College Board is committed to the principle that all students deserve an opportunity to participate in rigorous and academically challenging courses and programs. All students who are willing to accept the challenge of a rigorous academic curriculum should be considered for admission to AP courses. The Board encourages the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP courses for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underrepresented in the AP Program.
Schools should make every effort to ensure that their AP classes reflect the diversity of their student population. The fundamental objective that schools should strive to accomplish is to create a stimulating AP program that academically challenges students and has the same ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic demographics as the overall student population in the school. African American and Native American students are severely underrepresented in AP classrooms nationwide; Latino student participation has increased tremendously, but in many AP courses Latino students remain underrepresented. To prevent a willing, motivated student from having the opportunity to engage in AP courses is to deny that student the possibility of a better future.
Knowing what we know about the impact a rigorous curriculum can have on a student’s future, it is not enough for us simply to leave it to motivated students to seek out these courses. Instead, we must reach out to students and encourage them to take on this challenge. With this in mind, there are two factors to consider when counseling a student regarding an AP opportunity: 1. Student motivation Many potentially successful AP students would never enroll if the decision were left to their own initiative.
They may not have peers who value rigorous academics, or they may have had prior academic experiences that damaged their confidence or belief in their college potential. They may simply lack an understanding of the benefits that such courses can offer them.