MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIET NAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY TRINH THANH DAT APPLYING LOGISTIC MODEL TO PREDICT THE PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT FOR CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISES IN VIETNAM FROM 2014 TO 2016 GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 HO CHI MINH CITY - 2018 - LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIET NAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY TRINH THANH DAT APPLYING LOGISTIC MODEL TO PREDICT THE PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT FOR CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISES IN VIETNAM FROM 2014 TO 2016 GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 INSTRUCTOR M. TRAN KIM LONG HO CHI MINH CITY - 2018 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com i THE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION Full name: Trinh Thanh Dat Student class: HQ02-GE01, faculty of Banking and Finance, Banking University of Ho Chi Minh city. Student code: 030630141126 I declare that this thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where states otherwise by reference or acknowledgment, the work presented is entirely my own.
Ho Chi Minh City, May 18, 2018 Author Trinh Thanh Dat LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ii THE AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank all lecturers at Banking University of HCMC. Your enthusiastic and devoted instruction helped me to improve my logical thinking ability and knowledge. In addition, I would like to thank Mr. Tran Kim Long who enthusiastically instructed and encouraged me to complete this graduation thesis.
However, due to limited knowledge and practical experience and limited research time, the study cannot avoid certain shortcomings. The author wishes to receive the comments of members in the committee to complete the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, May 18, 2018 Author Trinh Thanh Dat LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iii BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM High-Quality Program of Banking and Finance ABSTRACT Author DAT, Thanh TRINH Title Applying logistic model to predict the probability of default for construction enterprises in Vietnam from 2014 to 2016 Year 2018 Language English Instructor M. LONG, Kim TRAN In the current overall development of the economy, banking credit plays a very important role in the economy of every country in the world and is especially important for countries with underdeveloped financial markets like Vietnam because it is a main source of funding for businesses.
However, recently, excessive credit growth, resulting in uncontrolled credit quality, has caused some consequences for the banking system such as: high credit risk, declining profit, liquidity reduced. The paper focuses on building a model estimating credit risk for construction firms in Vietnam from 2014 to 2016. Based on the results of the study, the paper provides not only an effective tool to predict the probability of default of construction companies but also comments and policy implications for commercial banks to improve the quality of credit and reduce credit risk in the future. Key words: Credit risk, Logistic model, Basel II, Probability of default, Construction companies, Vietnam.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iv INDEX LIST OF ACRONYMS. 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .2 Significance of research .3 Object and scope of the study .6 Structure of the themes. 4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS .2 Measuring credit risk .2 Probability of default (PD).3 Some previous research on measuring PD .4 Model evaluation methods.
23 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Definition and some overviews. 25 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2. 26 CHAPTER 3: MODEL ESTABLISHMENT .1 Logistic model and Model selection .2 Collection and cleaning data .4 Apply the models into estimating the PD in 2016 .5 Choosing cutoff values. 35 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3.
36 CHAPTER 4: VALIDATING MODEL‟S PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATING RESULTS .5 The area under curve (AUC). 44 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4. 46 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.4 Future research direction. 48 APPENDIX 1: LOGISTIC MODEL EXPLANATION.
54 APPENDIX 2: CODES IN R. 56 APPENDIX 3: PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT OF LOGIT MODEL. 59 APPENDIX 4: PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT OF PROBIT MODEL. 60 APPENDIX 5: PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT OF C LOG-LOG MODEL.
61 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1 LIST OF ACRONYMS Abbreviations Full meaning AUC Area Under Curve BS Balance Sheet CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CRAs Credit Rating Agencies EAD Exposure at Default EL Expected Loss IRB Approach Internal Ratings Based Approach IS Income Statement LEF Loan Equivalency Factor LGD Loss Given Default PD Probability of Default ROA Return on Asset ROE Return on Equity ROC Curve Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve ROS Return on Sales SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises UL Unexpected Loss LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Figure 2. Relationship between Expected and Unexpected Loss. The Standardized Probit, Logit and C-Log-Log Links. List of Ratios Tested.
Number of observations and defaults per year. Distribution of financial ratios before handling outliers. Distribution of financial ratios after handling outliers. Financial ratios in six categories.
Descriptive statistical table. Regression table of Logit model. Regression table of Probit model. Regression table of C log-log model.
Matrix confusion for logit model at cutoff of 0. Matrix confusion for probit model at cutoff of 0. Matrix confusion for C log-log model at cutoff of 0. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves of three models.
42 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background In an economy, coupled with the development and establishment of businesses every year, there is always the bankruptcy of companies that cannot meet the conditions of a fierce competition in the economy. As a consequence, the phenomenon of bankruptcy as well as default can be understood as a completely natural economic phenomenon and an inevitable consequence of the process of selection and elimination. In recent times, overdue debts and non-performing loans in Vietnamese commercial banks have become a serious problem, hindering the comprehensive development of the banking industry. World Bank (2014) announced that Vietnam had the highest non- performing loans compared to other Southeast Asian countries.
Therefore, focusing on risk management in general and credit risk management in particular is considered as a guideline to ensure that the banking system operates stably. While many countries around the world have applied Basel's recommendations in credit risk management, not many commercial banks in Vietnam have a completed Internal Rating – Based Approach. In addition, retail banking in Vietnam has been developing significantly recently, Wang and Kapfer (2017) said that “The retail financial services industry in Vietnam will become the top growth market in Asia Pacific this year. It is expected to surge by 29% in regard to retail assets compared to 2016 and the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of retail income in Vietnam will reach $6.
Therefore, this sector needs to have a huge amount of credit specialists to expertise credit profiles, and this work will take a lot of time and effort because every single credit analyst could handle a certain number of credit profiles. Based on the reasons stated above, the author selects the topic "Applying logistic model to predict the PD for construction enterprises in Vietnam from 2014 to 2016”.2 Significance of research Practical significance: After this model is established and verified, it will be one of the most useful tools for banks before they grant credit because it allows them to avoid LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 mistakes in assessing firms‟ potential and risk. As a result, bank decisions will be more accurate and secured. For companies, the model will indicate bad signals, which helps firms‟ leaders to fix mistakes in the nick of time and improve companies‟ status.
Scientific significance: First of all, this study could develop a new model that examines the predictive power of classification models and discover new factors that help commercial banks as well as financial institutions develop automatic credit rating system. Finally, diversification of credit rating models with additional baseline comparison between model types and verification of previous model types.3 Object and scope of the study Research object: real estate companies listed on Vietnam stock market from 2014 to 2016. Research scope: This study will use data from Financial statement (mostly from Income statement and Balance sheet) from real estate companies from 2014 to 2016. The data will be collected from www.vn and www.4 Research questions This study aims to answer a question: Which factors affecting PD of construction firms during the 2014-to-2016 period.5 Research methods The thesis uses quantitative research methods, namely using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models with the aid of software R for data analysis.6 Structure of the themes Chapter 1: Overview Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical foundations Chapter 3: Model establishment Chapter 4: Validating model‟s performance and evaluating results LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 5 Chapter 5: Conclusions SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 This chapter points out clearly not only the urgency of the topic, but also the scope, the aim and the significance of the study.
In the next chapter, many Scientific research works, scientific papers as well as famous books which are relative to this study are review in details. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 2.1 Definition Servigny and Renault (2004) supposed that a default event is not always defined in the same way by all stakeholders: The market definition for default is related to financial instruments. It corresponds to principal or interest past due. The Basel II definition considers a default event based on various alternative options such as past due 90 days on financial instruments or provisioning.
It can also be based on a judgmental assessment of a firm by the bank. The legal definition is linked with the bankruptcy of the firm. It will typically depend on the legislation in various countries. However, because that the default information of companies in Vietnam is hardly accessible, companies in this study had to be assessed by „technical default‟ definition not truth default definition.
The Langohr (2015) defined that technical default occurs if a borrower breaches a financial obligation other than debt service payment. For example, debt covenants may stipulate several balance sheet restrictions, such as minimum liquidity or solvency ratios, which the borrower has to respect in order to be allowed to reimburse a loan at maturity. Were the borrower to violate these restrictions, the bank would have the right to call the loan immediately. While such covenant violations constitute technical defaults, they typically do not trigger what is more normally called default, and they do not appear in the usual default statistics.
Nevertheless, such financial obligations will be of great interest to credit rating analysts. A borrower‟s ability to honor any restrictions, and the likelihood that he will do so, clearly affects his subsequent ability to pay amounts due on time and in full. Hence an essential part of the CRAs‟ analysis is to scrutinize the LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 7 covenants of all an obligor‟s loan contracts, including those that are private or unlisted.2 Measuring credit risk According to Stephanou and Mendoza (2005), there are several indicators measuring credit risk. The first one is Expected Loss (EL) and Unexpected Loss (UL), EL is based on three parameters: The likelihood that default will take place over a specified time horizon (PD or PD) The amount owned by the counterparty at the moment of default (exposure at default or EAD) The fraction of the exposure, net of any recoveries, which will be lost following a default event (loss given default or LGD).