MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AND TRAINING RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY TRAN THI PHUONG THAO MASTER THESIS DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUILARIA SPECIES IN GIA LAI PROVINCE Hanoi, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AND TRAINING RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY TRAN THI PHUONG THAO Major: Tropical Forestry MASTER THESIS DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUILARIA SPECIES IN GIA LAI PROVINCE ACADEMIC ADVISOR: Dr. Phung Thi Tuyen Dr. Cao Thi Thu Hien Hanoi, 2024 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .4 LIST OF FIGURES. Research on taxonomy of Aquilaria genus.
In the world. Research on the composition and distribution characteristics of Aquilaria species. In the world. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODS………….
Objectives of the study. Investigation of species composition, distribution area of Aquilaria genus study sites. Determination of the biological and ecological characteristics of Aquilaria species in the study sites. Assessement of the threats to Aquilaria species in the study sites.
Propose solutions to conserve the Aquilaria species in the study sites. Natural and socio-economic conditions in Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve. Geology and soil. Natural and socio-economic conditions in Kon Ka Kinh National Park.
Geology and soil. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Species composition and distribution of Aquilaria genus in Kon Chu Rang NR, Kon Ka Kinh NP and Tram Lap FC. Species composition of Aquilaria species in Kon Chu Rang NR.
Distribution characteristics of Aquilaria species in Kon Ka Kinh NP and Tram Lap FC. Biological and ecological characteristics of Aquilaria species in the study sites. Morphological characteristic of A. Phenological characteristic of A.
Morphological characteristic of A. Determination of barcode DNA of Aquilaria samples and identification of Aquilaria samples using barcode DNA markers. Phenological characteristic of A. Ecological characteristics of Aquilaria rugosa in study sites .1 Characteristics of forest structure in the area where A.
rugosa distributedin Kon Chu Rang NR. Characteristics of forest structure in the area where A. rugosa distributedin Kon Chu Rang NR Swa: Schima wallichii Theaceae (DC. Soil characteristics in the area where A.
rugosa distributed in study sites66 4. Threats and risks affected on Aquilaria species. Proposing solutions for conservation and development of the Aquilaria species in the study area. CONCLUSION, LIMITATION, RECOMMENDATION.
Species composition, biological characteristics and distribution of Aquilaria genus in Kon Chu Rang NR, Kon Ka Kinh NP and Tram Lap FC. Biological and ecological characteristics of Aquilaria species in the study sites. Ecological characteristics of Aquilaria rugosa in study sites. Threats and risks affected on Aquilaria species.
Proposing solutions for conservation and development of the Aquilaria species in the study area .78 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Species composition of Aquilaria genus and their distribution. Samples and sample codes in the study .2: Primer sequence and information .3: Components of one PCR reaction .4: Thermal cycles for PCR reactions. Species composition of Aquilaria at Kon Chu Rang NR.
Phenological characteristic of A. Results of measuring the absorbance at 260nm, 280nm wavelength (OD260/OD280) and total DNA concentration of 40 Aquilaria samples studied. Barcoded DNA sequences of 4 Aquilaria samples. Similarity ratio (%) of 4 Aquilaria samples with species on GenBank based on nucleotide sequences of matK gene segment.
Similarity ratio of four Aquilaria samples with species on GenBank based on nucleotide sequences of the trnL-trnF gene segment. Similarity ratio of four Aquilaria samples K1, K4, K8, K13 with species on GenBank based on nucleotide sequences of the ITS gene segment. Phenological characteristic of A. Structure of stading tree composition in Kon Chu Rang NR.
Regeneration tree species composition formula in Kon Chu Rang NR. Characteristics of shrubs and herbaceous plants. Soil characteristics in the distribution area of A.67 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Vietnamese Agarwood species.
Distribution of Aquilaria and Gyrinops, the two main genera capable of producing agarwood (Claudio et al. Survey transect lines and distribution points of Aquilaria species in Kon Chu Rang NR. Survey transects and distribution points of the Aquilaria species in Kon Ka Kinh NP. crassna is grown in a household garden in the buffer zone of Kon Chu Rang NR.
rugosa in the buffer zone of Kon Ka Kinh NP. Flowers, fruits and seeds of A. rugosa species in Kontum. Total DNA electrophoresis results of 4 Aquilaria samples.
Electrophoresis results of matK gene PCR products TrnL-trnF gene cloning results. Electrophoresis results of PCR products of trnL-trnF gene segment. Electrophoresis results of ITS gene PCR products. Differences in the matK gene among 4 samples K1, K5, K8 and K13 with some gene sequences on Genbank.
Differences in trnL-trnF genes among 4 samples K1, K4, K8, K13 with some gene sequences on Genbank. Differences in ITS genes among 4 samples K1, K4, K8, K13, with some gene sequences on Genbank. rugosa distributed in natural forest in Kon Chu Rang NR Characteristics of regenerated tree layer. rugosa was affected by human .70 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The master thesis with title: “Determination of biological and ecological characteristics of Aquilaria species in Gia Lai province” was completed with the support and advice of Dr.
Phung Thi Tuyen, Dr. Cao Thi Thu Hien. I would like to sincerely thank the Vietnam National University of Forestry, teachers of the Forest Resources and Environmental Management Faculty for their support. In particular, I would like to express my most sincere thanks to Dr.
Phung Thi Tuyen and Dr. Cao Thi Thu Hien for their help and guidance to my graduation thesis. Finally, I would like to thank the Project funded by Ministry of Science and Technology entitle "Research on conservation and development of genetic resources of Aquilaria yunnanensis S.Huang and Aquilaria rugosa K.Le-Cong & Kessler in some provinces in the Northeast and Central Highlands" chaired by Dr. Hoang Thi Hang for providing data and professional advice to help me complete this thesis.
Due to the limited time and experience, the thesis cannot avoid shortcomings. I look forward to receiving comments from teachers, teachers, and friends so that I can adjust and supplement the thesis to be the most complete. Thank you very much! Hanoi, 1st August 2024 Student Tran Thi Phuong Thao 6 INTRODUCTION Those species of Aquilaria genus (Thymelaeaceae family) including species which are capable of forming agarwood in their trunks, the commercial product is Agarwood, Agar wood oil or Eaglewood. Agar wood oil is a high-quality aromatic oil, used as a flavouring, an aroma fix in the high-end cosmetic industry, etc.
In addition, agarwood is also used as a burning in festivals to serve religious beliefs. Agarwood is a valuable raw material in particular for making medications to cure a variety of illnesses, including: cold catching, chest pain, abdominal pain, stomachache, asthma, young leaves to treat cough and treating eye problems (La Dinh Moi, 2007). Cerboncini et al. (2013) confirmed that agarwood has sesquiterpenes with special chemical structure but cannot be artificially synthesized, it contains a lot of flavour compounds, medicinal ingredients and highly active terpenes (>300 terpenoids); has many components, anti-allergic phenolic substances 2-(2 phenyethyl), cancer inhibitors (ferulylglycerides); contains essential oils, special fragrances.
Agarwood products from Aquilaria species distributed in Vietnam, especially “Ky Nam” which is very famours in the world due to its high quality agarwood (Compton and Ishihara, 2006). Since the early 1990s, with increasing consumer demand for agarwood products, the number of wild individuals has been significantly reduced as a result of the unsustainable exploitation of Aquilaria populations in the wild, leading their numbers below the critical 0.6 tree/ha level, is the minimum required for the survival of the species (Momberg et al. There are 05 species of Aquilaria genus in Vietnam, all of which have natural populations limited individuals. So that the risk of extinction of some Aquilaria species in the wild is very high.
These species are classified into the IUCN Red List 2022 under the group of Vulnerable plants. Aquilaria species are evaluated as providing good quality agarwood, recorded with a very narrow distribution range, very few individuals in the wild, very small and scattered planted area. Only one species of Aquilaria crassna which is grown in some localities with an area of over 20,000 hectares (Vietnam Agarwood Association, 2017). In order to preserve and develop the genetic resources of these Aquilaria species to provide good agarwood products and have a wide variety of good agarwood species, studies on characteristic of distribution, biology and ecology, 7 especially the value of genetic resources and genetic diversity should be prioritized.
Recently, Aquilaria species are scatteredly distributed in tropical evergreen forests, primeval moist forests of Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh provinces, especially from Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan to Kon Tum, Binh Phuoc, Kien Giang (Nguyen The Nha et al. Gia Lai, one of the 5 Central Highlands provinces was reported to have a large natural forest area with distribution of Aquilaria species. However, there have been limited researches focusing on conservation of Aquilaria species. Therefore, this research will be conducted to investigate Aquilaria composition, the silvicultural characteristics including distribution area, biological and ecological characteristic in Kon Ka Kinh National Park, and Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve in Gia Lai province in order to propose some solutions to conserve Aquilaria species.
8 CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Research on taxonomy of Aquilaria genus 1. In the world So far, several authors have contributed to the research on classification of plant species of the Aquilaria genus, using mainly two methods based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology. To identify the species of agarwood, it is necessary to know the structure of the reproductive organs, especially the fruit (Tawan, 2004).
In general, it is not possible to only rely on leaf characteristics to identify the species of Agarwood. The descriptions are based on leaf and fruit characteristics of some species such as Aquilaria crassina (Schmidt and Nguyen, 2004), A. hirta (Ding Hou, 1960) that can help confirm species identification in the field. The simplest approach to identify Aquilaria individuals in plantations is to notice the structure of the fruit, which is the type of capsule.
The main differences in the structure of the capsule that include the size and shape of the top and bottom of the fruit, the surface of the rind, and the size and shape of the calyx that remains on the fruit. Lee et al. (2013) identified species based on vegetative organs such as leaves, branches and bark of three Aquilaria species were found in Malaysia. The authors confirmed that A.
hirta saplings could be identified by their hairy shoots and axillary, underside of leaves, margins, petioles, and hairy midrib. The midrib is usually elevated and unbranched. malaccensis is recognized by its many branches and white spots along the main axis, the entire leaf margin, underside and midrib is sparsely hairy, petiole hairy; Aquilaria sp1 from the lower branches nearly perpendicular to the stem and wavy leaf margins. Research on the morphology and regenerative potential of A.
malaccensis could facilitate identification of this species at the seedling stage and thereby further help in the conservation and restoration of populations in the wild (Roy and Datta, 2014). Therefore, Roy and Datta (2014) have studied to determine the seed and seedling characteristics of A. At the seedling stage, different species are distinguished based on their morphology and germination. Based on the characteristics of parts such as cotyledons, 9 leaf veins, leaf veins have only main veins or branching veins.
Birkhungur et al. (2018) evaluated the phylogenetic characteristics of A. malaccensis species which distributed in tropical evergreen secondary forests through understanding the response of species to climate variables and the cyclicality of the seasons.