Đánh giá tác động của tín dụng nông thôn đến khả năng tiếp cận giáo dục, y tế và nước sạch ở ...

Luận văn thạc sĩ giáo dục nghiên cứu ueh the impact evaluation of rural credit on accessibility to education health care and clean water, khảo sát thực trạng, phân tích nguyên

• Tác giả: Vo Van Tai
• Người hướng dẫn: Dr. Pham Khanh Nam
• Trường học: University of Economics
• Chuyên ngành: Development Economics
• Đề tài: Đánh Giá Tác Động Của Tín Dụng Nông Thôn Đến Khả Năng Tiếp Cận Giáo Dục, Y Tế Và Nước Sạch Ở Việt Nam
• Loại tài liệu: Thesis
• Năm xuất bản: 2013
• Địa điểm: Ho Chi Minh City

Mục lục chi tiết

• CERTIFICATION
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• ABSTRACT
• 1. CHƯƠNG 1: INTRODUCTION
• 1.1. Objectives of the research
• 2. CHƯƠNG 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
• 2.1. Theory of impact evaluation methods
• 2.2. Empirical studies on impact of rural credit on living standard of the rural households
• 2.3. Empirical studies on determinants of the participation in rural credit programs
• 2.3.1. Characteristics at household head level
• 2.3.2. Characteristics at household level
• 2.3.3. Characteristics at commune level
• 4. CHƯƠNG 4: OVERVIEWS OF RURAL CREDIT AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE, CLEAN WATER IN VIETNAM
• 4.1. Rural credit market in Vietnam
• 4.1.1. The formal credit sector
• 4.1.2. The semi-formal credit sector
• 4.1.3. Informal credit sectors
• 4.2. Accessibility to education, health treatment and clean water in Vietnam
• 4.2.1. Accessibility to education in Vietnam
• 4.2.2. Accessibility to health treatment in Vietnam
• 4.2.3. Accessibility to clean water in Vietnam
• 5. CHƯƠNG 5: EMPIRICAL RESULTS
• 5.1. Non-parametric analysis
• 5.2. Participation in the rural credit program of the poor
• 5.3. Impact evaluation using two-sample t-test methods
• 5.4. Results of determinants of the participation of the rural household in rural credit programs
• 5.5. Impact evaluation using PSM methods
• 5.6. Impact Evaluation via PSM
• LIST OF FIGURES
• LIST OF TABLES
• 3. CHAPTER 3: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND MODEL
• 6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS

Tóm tắt

I. Tổng quan về tác động của tín dụng nông thôn đến giáo dục y tế và nước sạch

Tín dụng nông thôn đã trở thành một công cụ quan trọng trong việc cải thiện điều kiện sống của các hộ gia đình nông thôn ở Việt Nam. Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá tác động của tín dụng nông thôn đến khả năng tiếp cận giáo dục, y tế và nước sạch. Các chương trình tín dụng không chỉ giúp tăng cường thu nhập mà còn tạo điều kiện cho người dân tiếp cận các dịch vụ thiết yếu.

1.1. Tín dụng nông thôn và vai trò của nó trong phát triển

Tín dụng nông thôn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc hỗ trợ các hộ gia đình nông thôn phát triển kinh tế. Nó giúp họ có nguồn vốn để đầu tư vào sản xuất, từ đó cải thiện thu nhập và điều kiện sống.

1.2. Tác động của tín dụng đến khả năng tiếp cận giáo dục

Nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng tín dụng nông thôn có tác động tích cực đến khả năng tiếp cận giáo dục của các hộ gia đình. Họ có thể chi tiêu nhiều hơn cho học phí và các khoản chi khác liên quan đến giáo dục.

II. Thách thức trong việc tiếp cận y tế và nước sạch ở nông thôn Việt Nam

Mặc dù có những tiến bộ trong việc tiếp cận y tế và nước sạch, nhưng nhiều hộ gia đình nông thôn vẫn gặp khó khăn. Các yếu tố như địa lý, thu nhập và chính sách tín dụng ảnh hưởng đến khả năng tiếp cận các dịch vụ này.

2.1. Vấn đề tiếp cận y tế ở nông thôn

Nhiều hộ gia đình nông thôn không thể tiếp cận dịch vụ y tế do chi phí cao và thiếu cơ sở hạ tầng. Điều này dẫn đến tình trạng sức khỏe kém và tỷ lệ bệnh tật cao.

2.2. Khó khăn trong việc tiếp cận nước sạch

Nhiều khu vực nông thôn vẫn thiếu nước sạch, ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe và chất lượng cuộc sống. Tín dụng nông thôn có thể giúp cải thiện tình hình này thông qua đầu tư vào cơ sở hạ tầng nước.

III. Phương pháp đánh giá tác động của tín dụng nông thôn

Để đánh giá tác động của tín dụng nông thôn, nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Phương pháp này giúp so sánh các hộ gia đình tham gia và không tham gia chương trình tín dụng.

3.1. Phương pháp Propensity Score Matching PSM

PSM là một kỹ thuật mạnh mẽ giúp giảm thiểu thiên lệch trong việc đánh giá tác động của chương trình tín dụng. Nó cho phép so sánh các hộ gia đình có đặc điểm tương tự nhau.

3.2. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến tham gia tín dụng

Nghiên cứu cũng xem xét các yếu tố như độ tuổi của người đứng đầu hộ gia đình, quy mô hộ gia đình và tình trạng kinh tế để xác định khả năng tham gia vào chương trình tín dụng.

IV. Kết quả nghiên cứu về tác động của tín dụng nông thôn

Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng tín dụng nông thôn có tác động tích cực đến khả năng tiếp cận giáo dục và y tế. Tuy nhiên, tác động đến nước sạch vẫn còn hạn chế.

4.1. Tác động đến giáo dục

Hộ gia đình tham gia chương trình tín dụng có xu hướng chi tiêu nhiều hơn cho giáo dục, dẫn đến tỷ lệ học sinh đến trường cao hơn.

4.2. Tác động đến y tế

Nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng việc tham gia vào chương trình tín dụng giúp cải thiện khả năng tiếp cận dịch vụ y tế, mặc dù vẫn còn nhiều thách thức.

V. Kết luận và triển vọng tương lai của tín dụng nông thôn

Tín dụng nông thôn có tiềm năng lớn trong việc cải thiện điều kiện sống của các hộ gia đình nông thôn. Tuy nhiên, cần có các chính sách hỗ trợ để tăng cường hiệu quả của chương trình này.

5.1. Chính sách cần thiết để cải thiện hiệu quả tín dụng

Cần có các chính sách hỗ trợ để đảm bảo rằng các hộ gia đình nghèo có thể tiếp cận tín dụng một cách dễ dàng hơn.

5.2. Triển vọng tương lai của tín dụng nông thôn

Với sự phát triển của công nghệ và các chương trình hỗ trợ, tín dụng nông thôn có thể trở thành một công cụ mạnh mẽ hơn trong việc giảm nghèo và cải thiện điều kiện sống.

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE IMPACT EVALUATION OF RURAL CREDIT ON ACCESSIBILITY TO EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE AND CLEAN WATER IN RURAL VIETNAM BY VO VAN TAI MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE IMPACT EVALUATION OF RURAL CREDIT ON ACCESSIBILITY TO EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE AND CLEAN WATER IN RURAL VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By VO VAN TAI Academic Supervisor: Dr. PHAM KHANH NAM HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] CERTIFICATION I hereby declare that the substance of this thesis is my own work and knowledge. This dissertation has not been submitted for any other degree or diploma of the university or higher degree. I certify that its contain has not been published or written by another person. VO VAN TAI November 28, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the time of studying in Vietnam - Netherlands programme for M. in Development Economics, I have learned so much useful knowledge. Therefore, I want to thank to the programme and all the teachers that have taught me. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my academic supervisor - Dr. Pham Khanh Nam for his guidance and valuable comments in writing and finishing my M. His enthusiasm and encourage has supported me during the process of this thesis to finish it. Besides my supervisor, I want to acknowledge the tremendous support that I received from Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai – Dean of the programme for his assistance and great encouragement. I also would like to thank Ms. Vo Thi Phi - Director of TAN VUONG Food and Fisheries Import and Export Company Limited, where I am working, for her encourage and financial support, as well as the work supports of my colleagues, for me to study and finish the programme. My grateful thanks to my classmates, Pham Tien Thanh and Cao Thi Tuyet Mai who helped me overcome the difficulties to finish my thesis. Last but not least, I am truly grateful to my family for their love and spiritual support in my life. Thanks for all. VO VAN TAI November 28, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] ABSTRACT The research is conducted in order to evaluate the impact of rural credit program on living standard of the rural households. The estimation is based on the secondary data, namely the Vietnam household living standard survey in 2010 (VHLSS2010). The research applied propensity score matching (PSM) method with various techniques in order to estimate the impact of rural credit program on living standard. The results found that participation in rural credit only increase the expenditure on education while there is no evidence to conclude the relationship between rural credit program and such living standard indicators as accessibility to health care and clean water. Moreover, the research also applied PROBIT model to investigate the factors that affect the probability of accessing to rural credit program. The results showed that the probability of participating in rural credit program of the rural households are affected by such factors as age of household head, leadership status of household head, household size, house value, total land owned and managed by the household, household being poor or not, and geographic location. The research also found that the rural credit program may not serve the poor because among the participants in the credit program, the number of the poor households is less than that of the non-poor households. Finally, the research suggested policies and solution to improve the effectiveness of rural credit program in order to support the poor households. i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i TABLE OF CONTENTS . ii LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES . iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . Objectives of the research .3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . Theory of impact evaluation methods . Empirical studies on impact of rural credit on living standard of the rural households. Empirical studies on determinants of the participation in rural credit programs . Characteristics at household head level . Characteristics at household level . Characteristics at commune level. Models and estimation strategies . Determinants of demand for rural credit . Impact evaluation by PSM .18 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEWS OF RURAL CREDIT AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE, CLEAN WATER IN VIETNAM . Rural credit market in Vietnam . The formal credit sector . The semi-formal credit sector . Informal credit sectors . Accessibility to education, health treatment and clean water in Vietnam . Accessibility to education in Vietnam . Accessibility to health treatment in Vietnam . Accessibility to clean water in Vietnam .24 CHAPTER 5: EMPIRICAL RESULTS . Non-parametric analysis . Participation in the rural credit program of the poor . Impact evaluation using two-sample t-test methods . Results of determinants of the participation of the rural household in rural credit programs . Impact evaluation using PSM methods . Impact Evaluation via PSM .52 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Evaluation using a with and without comparison .1: Analytical framework on how rural credit affects the accessibility to education, health care and clean water .1: The comparison about educost, health and waterexp between participants and non-participants.30 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Empirical studies about determinants of the participation in rural credit programs .1: Determinants on demand for rural credit .2: Indicators reflecting living standard in rural area .1: Sources of rural credit .2: Monthly consumption for education per capita .3: Monthly consumption for health care per capita .4: Percentage of households by main source of drinking water .1: Descriptive statistics of all variables .2: Participation in the rural credit program of the poor .3: Impact of rural credit on living standard of rural households using Independent Sample T-Test Method .4: Correlation Matrix of the continuous independent variables in PROBIT model .5: Determinants of participating in rural credit program .5a: Models of determinants of participating in rural credit program .6: Impact of rural credit using NN technique .7: Impact of rural credit using Stratification technique .8: Impact of rural credit using Kernel Matching technique .9: Summary of Impact of rural credit using PSM techniques.42 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statement Vietnam has remarkable achievements in poverty reduction, specifically a report by World Bank and Vietnam General Statistics Office (GSO) in 2013 stated the poverty rate in Vietnam has decreased from 60 percent in 1990s to 14.2 percent in 2010 (using official poverty lines of Vietnam Ministry of Labour Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) at VND500,000/person/month for the urban area and VND400,000/person/month for the rural areas), and nearly 30 million people have escaped poverty. However, a lot of people in rural Vietnam are still living in poverty with very low living standard, specifically, World Bank and GSO in 2013 reported that the poor, especially those living in rural area, have less opportunities to access to education (as the Vietnam Population and Housing census by GSO in 2009, the illiteracy rate in rural area is 8 percent, which is 5 percent higher than that in urban area), have limited access to formal health care (a report by GSO in 2010 showed that 7.07 percent of people in rural area cannot access to health treatment, and the rate of the poor is higher than that of the non-poor), and have less opportunities to have a good job. Therefore, improving living standard of the poor in rural area is considered as a top concern of the Vietnam Government. With the objective of improving living standard of the rural poor, the Government has applied many programs such as free health care, food assistance, house assistance, education assistance, credit programs, etc. Among these programs, rural credit program is considered one of the most effective programs to improve living standard of the poor (World Bank, 2012). The Government has applied a great number of the credit programs that provide loans to support the rural households. Rural credit program has been applied in many countries and researched by many authors. Waheed (2009) stated that credit may increase the living standard of the borrowers via improving their incomes, and then better education as well as health care. To confirm the role of rural credit, Pitt and Khandker (1996) found that 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] credit program has a positive significant impact on such factors as education, self- esteem, organizational and management skills, etc. Pitt et al. (2003) also concluded that participation in credit program has effect on the health status of children. In addition, Coleman (2006) found that rural loan has positive effect on households’ living standards including clean water accessibility. As a report by CARE program (2009), with a microfinance loan, the poor can run their own business and do production, then they can generate income to pay for education of their children, pay for health treatment as well as access more to clean water. The main objective of this research is to investigate whether rural credit programs have positive impact on the living standard of the households living in the rural areas in Vietnam via increasing their accessibility to education, health treatment and clean water. Morduch and Haley (2002) found that when the poor are provided with credit, they can improve their living standard or at least smooth their expenditure. However, due to the budget constraint, the people in the rural areas, especially the poor, have difficulty in accessing to formal and semi-formal credit sources. Therefore, the government as well as financial institutions also makes efforts to support the poor to access to formal and semi-formal credit sources via providing programs that target the households in need of borrowing, especially the poor. In order to target the poor effectively, many researches on the demand for credit of the rural poor have been conducted. The credit providers need the information on characteristics of the households who are more likely to participate in credit programs. This research also investigates the determinants of participation in rural credit programs of rural households in Vietnam. The research aims at evaluating the impact of rural credit program on accessibility to education, health care and clean water of rural household, especially the poor, as well as investigating the factors that affect the participation in credit program of the rural households. In order to achieve these objectives, the research 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add [e-mail] applies: (1) PSM method with cross-section data in order to investigate this impact; (2) PROBIT model to investigate the determinants of accessing to credit program. The research uses secondary data, namely the Vietnam household living standard survey in 2010 (VHLSS2010). This data set is collected by GSO. Objectives of the research - Identify the determinants on rural credit participation of rural household. - Evaluate the impact of rural credit on living standard of the rural households via increasing accessibility to education, health care and clean water. Research questions - Which factors affect the participation in credit program of rural household? - Do credit programs have a significant positive impact on living standard of the rural households? 1. Research structures Chapter I introduces the importance of rural credit program, methodology, objectives, and questions of the research. Chapter II presents literature review and empirical studies about impact evaluation methods, the impacts of rural credit programs on living standard of the rural households, and determinants of participation in rural credit programs.