MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS FOOD TECHNOLOGY IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE ABILITY TO PREVENT OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND DIABETES OF 96% ETHANOL EXTRACTION FROM OLAX IMBRICATA LEAVES SUPERVISOR: TRINH KHANH SON VO THI NGA HUYNH NGUYEN LINH CHI STUDENT: TRAN HOANG VU SKL 0 0 9 1 6 3 Ho Chi Minh City, August, 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2022-17116044 IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE ABILITY TO PREVENT OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND DIABETES OF 96% ETHANOL EXTRACTION FROM OLAX IMBRICATA LEAVES Name: TRAN HOANG VU Student ID: 17116044 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Advisor: TRINH KHANH SON, Assoc. VO THI NGA, PhD. HUYNH NGUYEN LINH CHI, Eng. Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2022-17116044 IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE ABILITY TO PREVENT OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND DIABETES OF 96% ETHANOL EXTRACTION FROM OLAX IMBRICATA LEAVES Name: TRAN HOANG VU Student ID: 17116044 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Advisor: TRINH KHANH SON, Assoc.
VO THI NGA, PhD. HUYNH NGUYEN LINH CHI, Eng. Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my appreciation and sincere thanks to Assoc. Trinh Khanh Son, PhD.
Vo Thi Nga, and Eng. Huynh Nguyen Linh Chi, the professors who have helped me with this thesis. Beside instructing and helping me to complete my graduation thesis, the advisors have also provided me with lot of helpful advisements that myself can apply in my future and professional development. In addition, I want to thank the departments and administration at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education for making it possible for me to study and complete this thesis in the best possible circumstances.
I also want to thank the professors at the departments of food technology and chemistry for providing me with the resources I needed to finish the thesis and for letting me use their labs. Finally, I want to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis and throughout my life. I have done my best, but with the limitation time of the research process and my limited knowledge, mistakens and errors are hard to advoid. I appreciate your sincere suggestions to make this thesis better.
My sincere gratitude! Ho Chi Minh City, July 31st,2022 ii COMMITMENT I hereby declare that all content presented in this graduation thesis has been done by ourselves, including instructors and students. The research content is carried out based on the requirements, design, and guidelines and is validated by the instructor. The entire content of the graduation thesis has been checked against plagiarism using Turnitin software and ensures no more than 30% duplication. I hereby certify that the content in the writing process is referenced in the graduation thesis from clearly sourced documents that have been correctly and fully cited in accordance with regulations.
Ho Chi Minh City, July 31st ,2022 iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi CONTENT GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT. Error! Bookmark not defined. iii LISTS OF FIGURES .xv LIST OF TABLES .xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION. xvii SAMPLE CODE .xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
Reasoning of the research. Purposes of the research. Limits and scope of the research. Scientific and practical significance.
Subjects, scope and limitations of the research. Structure of report. Overview about Olax imbricata. Overview about extration methods.
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Ultrasonically assited extraction (UAE). Others extraction methods. Metabolism processes of nutritional compounds in humans.
Combination model of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (HFD-STZ-T2D). High fat diet. HFD-STZ-T2D paradigm. Advantages and disadvantages of the HFD-STZ-T2D paradigm.
In vivo testing on laboratory animals. Origin and classification of mice. The advantages and disadvantages of utilizing laboratory animals. Conditions for raising laboratory mice.
Animal Testing Ethics and the 3Rs rule. Previous relevant research .15 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS. Olax imbricata leaves. In vivo experimental design.
Determine sample size. Extraction receiving method. Method for determining the chemical components in Olax imbricata leaves. Overview of determination method.
Equipments and chemicals. Animal experimentation methods. Measuring mouse weight. Mouse injection method.
Oral infusing solution method. Glucose tolerance testing. Anatomy and cardiac blood collection. Measuring organ mass and making visceral tissue templates.
Locomotor activity method .32 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Chemical compounds in Olax imbricata leaves. In vitro α–glucosidase inhibitory activity of extractions from Olax imbricata leaves. Body mass and energy comsumption.
Glucose tolerant testing. Blood lipid index. Mass of tissue. Microsurgery of histological structure of organs.
Locomotor activity and behavior .47 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .64 xiv LISTS OF FIGURES CHAPTER 3 Figure 3. Olax imbricata leaves. In vivo experimental design. Extraction receiving method.
Soxhlet refluxing equipment. Procedure for preparation of extractions. Qualivative analysis chemical compounds in ether extraction. Qualivative analysis chemical compounds in ethanol extraction.
Qualivative analysis chemical compounds in hydrolyzed ethanol extraction. Qualivative analysis chemical compounds in water extraction. Qualivative analysis chemical compounds in hydrolyzed water extraction. Oral gavage needle.
Oral infusing solution method. Mouse anatomy model. Body weight of mouse. Energy comsumption of mouse.
Fasting blood glucose of experimental mouse. Glucose tolerant of experimental mouse in week 0, 2nd, 4th, 7th, 10th and 12th. Area under the curve of glucose tolerant of experimental mouse. Fat tissue of experimental mouse.
Liver tissue of experimental mouse. Kidney tissue of experimental mouse. Renal corpuscles of kidney of experimental mouse. The distance traveled by experimental mouse before and after consuming food during weeks 0, 2nd, 4th, 7th, 10th, and 12th.
Movement of experimental mouse at week 0, 2th, 4th, 7th, 10th and 12th .50 xv LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 3 Table 3. Nutrient compositons in ND and HFD. Equipments in determining the chemical components method. List of chemicals.
List of reagents. Result from ether extraction. Result from ethanol extraction. Result from hydrolyzed ethanol extraction.
Result from water extraction. Result from hydrolyzed water extraction. In vitro result of extraction from Olax imbricata leaves. Blood lipid indicators of experimental mouse.
Mass of liver, kidney and fat of experimental mouse .42 xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION High fat ethanol-200 AGIs Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors HFE-200 (mg/kg.w/day) Half maximal Inhibitory AUC Area under the curve IC50 concentration AE After eating JNK c-Jun N-terminal Kinase ATP Adenosin triphosphat LDL Low-density lipoprotein BE Before eating LFD Low-fat diet BGL Blood glucose level MAE Microwave assisted extraction CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein MAG Monoacylglycerol DAG Diacylglycerol ND Normal diet DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid NRC National Research Council EAE Enzyme assisted extraction PLE Pressurized liquid extraction ER Endoplasmic reticulum OGTT Oral glucose tolerant test FA Fatty acid SFE Supercritical fluid extraction FFA Free fatty acid SF Supercritical fluid GLUT2 Glucose transporter 2 SWE Supercritical-water extraction GLUT4 Glucose transporter 4 T1D Type 1 diabetes HDL High-density lipoprotein T2D Type 2 diabetes HF High fat TAG Triacylglycerol High fat Acarbose-100 HFA TG Triglyceride (mg/kg.w/day) HFD High-fat diet UAE Ultrasonically assisted extraction HFE High fat ethanol VLDL Very low-density lipoprotein High fat ethanol-40 Very high-fat diet HFE-50 VHFD (mg/kg.w/day) High fat ethanol-100 World Health Organization HFE-100 WHO (mg/kg.w/day) xvii SAMPLE CODE Experimental group Code ND 135 HFD 362 HFA 946 HFE-50 785 HFE-100 275 HFE-200 571 xviii ABSTRACT In this study, Olax imbricata leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol, then the bioactivity of the extract was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests. For in vitro testing, extracts was found that have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and to be approximately 1.5 times more resistant to α- glucosidase than acarbose (type 2 diabetes drug). From there, in vivo testing began with groups of white mice (Mus Musculus var albino) used to evaluate the effects of different doses of extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day)comparisons with acarbose. The results after 3 months of testing showed that the average body weight of the groups of rats decreased gradually with the extract doses from 50mg/kg to 200mg/kg.
Besides, the results after testing show that the extract has the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase activity, positively impact, significantly reduce overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes through results on glucose tolerance testing, blood lipid index, body weight, histological and locomotor behaviors compared with acarbose. xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Reasoning of the research Obesity seems to be an extremely intricate multi-factorial disease. Since 1980, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the world has expanded many times.
It rises regardless of age, gender, race, or geographical region. According to research [21], however, the bulk of those at risk for obesity are senior citizens and women [21]. The World Health Organization (WHO) also recognizes obesity as a global pandemic; the numbers of people suffering from this disease is rapidly increasing and is predicted to hit 300 million by 2025 [119]. Obesity is a medical disorder in which excess body fat accumulates to an extent that might negatively impact health, reduce life expectancy, or aggravate health conditions [105].
Over time, excess fat is deposited, with lipid buildup predominantly in the form of triglycerides in adipose tissue and a volume increase in skeletal muscle, liver, and other organs and tissues [52]. Social life, mobility, and quality of life can be negatively impacted by obesity. More seriously, the increase in the prevalence of obesity has led to an increase in the incidence of other diseases including diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, more severe cases such as cancer, infectious liver disease [116]. Obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and osteoarthritis.
Consequently, obesity must be effectively prevented and treated. The most prevalent treatment is weight loss through good diet and physical activity. In addition, obesity can be alleviated through the use of weight loss medications. However, these treatments can induce several adverse effects, including diarrhea, vomiting, even neurological abnormalities [110].
Therefore, there is a need for an alternative strategy with minimal or no adverse effects for treating obesity and its associated consequences. Due to their minimum side effects and maximum usefulness, the development of natural anti-obesity medications is gaining importance nowadays [81]. In light of this trend, we sought to evaluate the capacity of Olax imbricata leaves extraction to prevent overweight and obesity in in vivo testing. Purposes of the research This research was conducted with the aim of: (1) Assessing the effect of the extraction on the ability of experimental animals to control weight gaining and energy consumption; (2) Evaluating the effect of the extraction on the glycemic control of experimental animals; (3) Evaluating the effect of the extraction on the control of blood lipid indexes of experimental animals; and (4) Evaluating the effect of the extraction on the ability of experimental animals to control motor behavior.
Limits and scope of the research This study evaluated the efficacy of the extracts on prevent and reduce disease status in experimental animal models (mouse) of overweight, obesity, and diabetes when HFD-STZ-T2D paradigm. In addition, the focus of this study was only on evaluating the outcomes based on body weight, energy intake, blood fat, fasting blood sugar, blood glucose tolerance, tissue microsurgery (liver, kidney, fat), and locomotor activity of experimental animals. Scientific and practical significance Throughout history, medicinal plants have played a vital role in maintaining and restoring human health. Vietnam has an abundance of herbal resources.
Therefore, medicinal plants have been used since antiquity to cure numerous severe ailments with positive effects. Our study was 1 undertaken to control and prevent diseases associated with Olax imbricata leaves extraction on experimental animals suffering from overweight, obesity, and loss of glycemic control. and high blood fat levels.