MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2019– 2021 (2) HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M. THESIS ENGLISH LANGUAGE SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ADVERBS OF DEGREE IN ENGLISH AND IN CHINESE (Đặc điểm cú pháp và ngữ nghĩa của trạng từ chỉ mức độ trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Trung Quốc) NGUYỄN THỊ NGUYỆT Field: ENGLISH LANGUAGE NGUYỄN THỊ NGUYỆT Code: 8.01 HANOI – 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M. THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ADVERBS OF DEGREE IN ENGLISH AND IN CHINESE (Đặc điểm cú pháp và ngữ nghĩa của trạng từ chỉ mức độ trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Trung Quốc) NGUYỄN THỊ NGUYỆT Field: English Language Code: 8. HOANG TUYET MINH HANOI – 2022 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language.
Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2022 Nguyễn Thị Nguyệt Approved by SUPERVISOR Date: …………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this study is a result of the support and encouragement from several people. I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to them for their precious help and support. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my admirable advisor Assoc.
Hoang Tuyet Minh for the continuous support and motivation and for her comments and suggestions during the study. Her stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher. My thanks also go to all my lecturers at Hanoi Open University for their precious knowledge which lay the foundation for this study, my colleagues and many others whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished. My sincere thanks also go to my HOU 2019-2021(2) classmates, in particular my close ones, who always encouraged and helped me solve the problems which occurred during the study Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family and friends for their patience, endless love, and devotion.
Whatever choices I have made, they have always stood by me and believed in me. I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given to me. This accomplishment would not have been possible without all of them. Thank you very much.
iii ABTRACT The research mainly focuses on describing syntactical characteristics and semantic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese novels, after that pointing out the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of them. Descriptive method, comparative analysis method, and analytical and synthetic methods were applied in the research to expose and analyze the data. This research analyzes two literary works, an English novel “If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldon and a Chinese novel “古船” (The Ancient Ship) by Zhang Wei. As the result, 36 adverbs of degree with 686 occurrences were found in the English novel and 26 adverbs of degree with 1.286 occurrences were found in the Chinese one.
The results of this research are: Firstly, both adverbs of degree in English and adverbs of degree in Chinese can take various positions in the sentences like, post verbal position, preverbal position. Secondly, English adverbs of degree and Chinese adverbs of degree as well can modify different word class such as: adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases and verbal phrases, and noun phrase. Last, English and Chinese adverbs of degree are divided into some semantic categories. On the whole, adverbs of degree in English and Chinese share some similarities, but they are different in some ways, too.
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb Adv-Ps : Adverb Phrase APs : Adjective Phrase AV : Auxiliary Verb N : Noun NPs : Noun Phrase PPs : Preposition Phrase S : Subject V : Verb VPs : Verb Phrase v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 4. English adverbs of degree found in the English novel and their occurrence ……………………………………………31 Table 4. English adverbs of degree found in the English novel and their occurrence ……………………………………………37 Table 4. Syntactic features of English adverbs degree in the novel “If tomorrow come” by Sidney Sheldon…………………….
Syntactic features of Chinese adverbs degree in the novel “古 船” (The ancient ship) by Zhang Wei……………………. Semantic features of English adverbs degree in the novel “If tomorrow come” by Sidney Sheldon……………………. Semantic features of Chinese adverbs degree in the novel “古 船” (The ancient ship) by Zhang Wei……………………. Syntactic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese novels…………………………………………….
Semantic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese novels …………………………………………….57 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii List of abbreviations iv List of tables and figures v Table of contents vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 3 1. Methods of the study 3 1. Scope of the study 4 1. Significance of the study 4 1.
Structure of the study 5 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2. Review of previous studies 6 2. Previous studies in English 6 2. Previous studies in Chinese 6 2.
Review of theoretical background 8 2. Adverb in English and Chinese 8 2. Adverb in English 8 2. Adverbs in Chinese 11 2.
Adverbs of degree in English and adverbs of degree in 15 Chinese 2. Adverbs of degree in English 15 2. Adverbs of degree in Chinese 21 2. Summary 25 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 26 3.
Research approach 27 vii 3. Principles for data collection and data analysis 29 3. Summary 30 Chapter 4: ADVERBS OF DEGREE IN ENGLISH AND IN CHINESE 31 4. Syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of degree in English in 31 the novel “If tomorrow comes” by Sidney Sheldon 4.
Syntactic features of adverbs of degree in English 31 4. Semantic features of adverbs of degree in English 38 4. Syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of degree in Chinese in 42 the novel “The ancient ship” by Zhang Wei 4. Syntactic features of adverbs of degree in Chinese 43 4.
Semantic features of adverbs of degree in Chinese 50 4. Comparison between syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of 55 degree in English and those in Chinese 4. In terms of syntactic features 55 4. In terms of semantic features 57 4.
Summary 60 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 61 5. Implication of the thesis for learning English and Chinese 62 5. Limitation of the research 64 5. Recommendations and suggestion for further studies 64 REFERENCES 66 APPRENDIX 69 viii CHAPTER I.
Rationale English is an international language, spoken in many countries both as a native and as a second or foreign language. It is taught in the schools in almost every country on this earth. English language is an international language used all over the world as a means of communication. Chinese is not used as widely as English, but it is spoken by the most people.
It cannot be denied that English and Chinese are currently the two most popular foreign languages in Vietnam, and it has been a tendency for Vietnamese to learn the two languages at the same time. Any comparative and contrastive studies about English and Chinese are supposed to be crucial for Vietnamese learners and to some extend can add certain theoretical background to study English and Chinese. In language study, it has been widely agreed that words are one of the most important components which language learners must master in order to comprehend not only their denotative meaning but also connotative meaning including other necessary aspects such as their patterning and grammar in use. Two main types of words that play important roles in languages in general and in English and Chinese in particular are content words and function words.
Linguistically, it is explained that a function word, sometimes called a grammatical word or a closed class word, is a word that contains little lexical meaning or has no meaningful meaning, but expresses a grammatical or structural relationship with other words in a sentence (Hartmann & Stork, 1972; Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985; Au-Yeung, Howell & Pilgrim, 1998; Hartsuiker, Bastiaanse, Postma & Wijnen, 2005). Function words include prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, modals, particles and quantifiers. In contrast to the function word, a content word or a lexical word or an open-class word, is referred to as a word that has meaning itself and function to carry the content of a sentence. According to Carter, McCarthy and O’Keeffe (2011), English has four classes of content words, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Since ancient times, the words of the Chinese language have been grouped into two main categories: 虚 词 (function word) and 实 词 1 (content word). The parts of speech classified as content words are: nouns, pronouns, verbs, auxiliary verbs, adjectives, adverbs, number words, measure words and interjections. Chen (1978) takes adverbs as content words that show manner, degree or tone of the statements. The discussion of adverbs has been an everlasting topic in linguistics.
From ancient Greek grammar, dating back to the 2nd century BC, to the present, the discussions of adverbs have been popular among all linguistic schools. Even so, there are still contradictions and disputes, for example, the adverb forms that are hard to seize, meanings that are not easy to operate on. Adverbs in general and adverbs of degree in particular are extremely difficult language phenomena Thus, the access to knowledge about adverbs of degree is considered important to language learners, since without good achievement of adverbs, one will find difficulties in using the language effectively. Yet, Philip (2008) finds out that the use of adverbs of degree is still problematic for language learners In the process of teaching English and Chinese adverbs in general and adverbs of degree in particular, there is a fact that Vietnamese learners have faced many problems when they use this group of words.
They are often confused to choose the right adverb, especially adverbs of degree and make errors in using them. Therefore, a study has been carried out to find out how to use adverbs of degree in English and Chinese accurately and correctly from the analysis of their syntactic and semantic features. As there are a lot of adverbs of degree with different syntactic and semantic features in both English and Chinese, so a great number of learners make mistakes when they use this adverb group in different situations to communicate. To identify and compare the syntactic and semantic features of the English and Chinese adverbs of degree is important to learners, so that they can have good knowledge to use this word group effectively.
For the above reasons, the topic “Syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese” is chosen with the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English and Chinese adverbs of degree. The study only focuses on the adverbs of degree in the English novel “If tomorrow comes” by Sidney 2 Sheldon and in Chinese novel “The ancient ship” by Zhang Wei with the hope that thesis will be a useful reference, to the extent possible, for teaching and learning English as well as Chinese. Aims and objectives 1. Aims of the study: To help learners of Vietnamese master English and Chinese adverbs of degree in terms of their syntactic and semantic features in the process of learning English and Chinese correctly and effectively 1.
Objectives of the study: To identify the syntactic and semantic features of adverbs of degree in English and Chinese. To find out the similarities and differences between adverbs of degree in English and those in Chinese in terms of their syntactic and semantic features. Research questions This study intends to answer the following questions: (1). What are the syntactic and semantic features of English and Chinese adverbs of degree?