GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY Copyright © 2016 Jacqueline Melvin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, electronic or by any other means, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written consent from the author. Table of Contents Parts of speech Sentence patterns Correct word order Who’s or whose Who or whoever Word formation one Word formation two Word formation three Word formation four Word formation five Word formation six Word formation seven Word formation eight Word formation nine Word formation ten Vocabulary quiz time In the kitchen Verbs quiz time In the kitchen Vocabulary quiz rime Shopping-food and household products Vocabulary and verb quiz time The bathroom Vocabulary quiz time The living room Verbs quiz time The living room Vocabulary quiz time The bedroom Verbs quiz time The bedroom Vocabulary quiz time Clothes /jewellery/accessories Vocabulary quiz time Cars Answers-who’s or whose Answers-who or whoever Answers-word formation one Answers-word formation two Answers-word formation three Answers-word formation four Answers-word formation five Answers-word formation six Answers-word formation seven Answers-word formation eight Answers-word formation nine Scotland Answers-word formation ten Venice How to increase your vocabulary Gap fill exercise Hoarding Gap fill exercise-answers Answers-vocabulary quiz time The kitchen Answers-verbs quiz time The kitchen Answers-vocabulary quiz time Shopping/food and household products Answers-vocabulary & verb quiz time The bathroom Answers-vocabulary quiz time The living room Answers-verbs quiz time The living room Answers-vocabulary quiz time The bedroom Answers-verbs quiz time The bedroom Answers-vocabulary quiz time Clothes/jewellery and accessories Answers-vocabulary quiz time Cars Grammar focus-proper nouns & adjectives Answers Making concise sentences Answers Gerunds Answers Grammar focus Ed and ing adjectives Answers Grammar focus Verbs and adjectives that look the same Answers Grammar focus-so or such Answers Grammar focus-echo questions Answers Grammar focus-question tags Grammar focus-question tags-exercise Answers Agreeing and disagreeing The future To be going to + infinitive To be going to Exercise Answers Grammar focus Other uses of going to Grammar focus Uses of will Will or going to Answers Present continuous-future The future-consolidation Answers Grammar focus Present perfect The present perfect Unspecified time Answers Present perfect/for & since Present perfect past to present exercise one Answers Present perfect past to present exercise two Answers Grammar focus Present perfect continuous The present perfect continuous exercise Past to present Answers Grammar focus Present perfect continuous Exercise present perfect continuous Answers Past continuous Past simple or past continuous exercise Answers Past perfect Answers Past perfect versus past simple Answers Past perfect Just/yet/already/never Answers Past simple/past perfect/past perfect continuous Answers Grammar focus Past perfect for past wishes and regrets Answers More uses of the past perfect Answers Grammar focus The future perfect simple Grammar focus The future continuous Grammar focus Thefuture perfect continuous Future consolidation Answers Grammar focus The present simple passive Present simple Active to passive Answers Grammar focus Past simple passive Past simple active to passive Answers Grammar focus Present continuous passive Present continuous active to passive Answers Grammar focus Perfect passives Passive exercise Defining & non defining relative clauses Answers Grammar focus Used to/be used to/get used to Reflexive Used to/be used to/get used to Answers Adverbs Answers Avoiding repetition Answers Verbs which cause confusion Answers All tenses.questions/negatives/affirmatives Answers Key word transformation Reporting verbs/direct to indirect one Answers Key word transformation Reporting verbs/direct to indirect two Answers Conditionals type 0, 1, 2 and 3 Answers Key word transformations Phrasal verbs Answers Introduction This book is aimed at intermediate/early upper intermediate English language students with its main focus on vocabulary building-an invaluable tool for students who are studying for a forthcoming exam. Correct sentence structure is also dealt with in the book.
Learn how to form longer sentences properly. Too many learners are writing in distorted English due to a direct translation from their own language. Begin to become familiar with sentence patterns to improve writing and speaking skills. There are plenty of grammar exercises as well for those of you who like to freshen up on grammar points.
Continuous revision is always a good idea at any level of English. It is all too easy to forget if you do not practise. Practice makes perfect. About the author Jacqueline Melvin is a certified ESL teacher of English as a foreign language having qualified with Cambridge RSA DELTA in 1997.
PARTS OF SPEECH It is extremely beneficial to begin to familiarize yourself with the English parts of speech. Having knowledge on basic grammatical terminology is a key tool to sentence construction. Once you understand the function of each part of speech and how they work together in sentences, then you are on your way to recognising English sentence patterns. Soon you will understand what sounds right and what doesn’t.
These grammatical parts each play a role in sentences, clauses and phrases. Some parts of speech have more than one function, according to context, which you will learn as you progress in your studies. Remember! Good grammar begins with good organisation of words into sentences. In English there are nine parts of speech.
Articles Indefinite articles A and An. We use A before nouns or adjectives + nouns, which begin with a consonant or a consonant sound. The indefinite articles are used when referring to anything indefinite (one of a kind). Example A man-one of many-(consonant) A university (a vowel with a consonant sound) The indefinite article An, is used before nouns or adjectives + nouns which begin with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or a vowel sound.
Example An apple An honour (vowel sound-there is a silent ‘h’ in the word ‘honour’) The definite article ‘the’ is used before nouns or adjectives + nouns to specify something definite. Example I saw a girl with blonde hair. (One of a kind) I saw the girl with the blonde hair who lives next door to me. Nouns Nouns are the names we give to places, people and things.
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Example Boy, girl, fruit, flower etc. are all common nouns. We also have common nouns which are abstract-that is, they cannot be seen or felt.
They are concepts or ideas. Examples Time, distance, speed, space, success, knowledge, love, hate are abstract nouns. Proper nouns are the names we give to people, places, titles etc. Examples John, Mary, New York, Italy, the Queen, the President etc.
Proper nouns must begin with a capital letter. Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns. John is from England. He is English.
‘He’ is a pronoun-a subject pronoun which substitutes the proper noun John. I, you, he, she, it, we, you (plural) they-are all pronouns. They substitute the noun and in most cases come before the verb. Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them are object pronouns.
They come after the verb. Examples John told Mary. He told her. ‘He’ substitutes the subject pronoun John, and ‘her’ substitutes the object pronoun Mary.
The girl is playing the piano. She is playing it. My mother made pancakes. She is eating them.
Adjectives Adjectives are describing words. They describe the noun. They usually always come before the noun in English except when used with the verb ‘be’. Example A pretty girl-the adjective ‘pretty’ describes the noun ‘girl’.
An example of an adjective when used with the verb ‘be’. The girl is pretty. In English the adjective never varies according to number or gender. My mother makes tasty pancakes.
The adjective tasty describes the noun pancakes. What kind of pancakes does she make? She makes tasty pancakes. The pancakes are big. They are also sweet.
Mother makes big, sweet, tasty pancakes. What kind of pancakes does mother make? Big, sweet, tasty ones. We can add many adjectives before a noun. The order of the adjectives is important.
We cannot say for example, mother makes tasty, sweet, big pancakes. This is the wrong order of the adjectives. The order of adjectives 1) Opinion or fact 2) Size 3) Shape 4) Condition 5) Age 6) Colour 7) Nationality 8) Material Example A (8) woollen jumper. An (5) old, (6) red, (7) Scottish (8) woollen jumper.
Use commas to separate the adjectives except for the one closest to the noun. When not to use commas We do not use commas for adjectives which modify another adjective. Example A first class ticket. (First-used as an adjective-modifies-class and not ticket) Note: Although the word ‘first’ has the function of a noun, adjective or adverb, its function, determined by context, is what determines its part of speech.
In the example of the jumper, the adjective ‘Scottish’ describes not only the jumper but also the wool it is made from, therefore the comma is absent. Verbs A verb is a doing word. Verbs are used to indicate actions or states. Verbs are the most important grammatical parts of speech.
No sentence can exist without a verb. The shortest complete sentence in the English language is “Go”. Examples of verbs-present tense I am Mary. (A state of being) I live in Liverpool.
(A state/a fact) I play tennis every week. Adverbs Adverbs are used to describe verbs, other adverbs or adjectives. There are different categories of adverbs which tell us how, why, where, when, how often, how many times, to what extent/degree etc., that something is done. Adverbs are a tricky part of the English language.
There are so many different kinds of adverbs, adverbial phrases and clauses and many adverbs can be mistaken for prepositions. Adverbs cover a large range of uses although their primary characteristic is to modify verbs thus the name ad + verb = add to verb. Adverbs of time answer the question when? Yesterday I stayed at home. I stayed at home yesterday.
I’m playing tennis tomorrow. Adverb clauses and phrases of time normally come at the beginning or the end of the clause. Do not put an adverb of time between the subject and the verb. I last Sunday saw you.
Last Sunday I saw you. I saw you last Sunday. I’ll phone you soon. (Adverb) I’ll phone you within the next hour.
(Adverbial phrase) The plane landed ten minutes ago. I’ve done it again. (Again is an adverb of time which tells us that something has been done before) I get up early and I go to bed late. (Late and early are both adverbs and adjectives) Adverbs of manner answer the question how? Many of these adverbs end in ‘ly’.
They derive from adjectives. Example He’s a dangerous driver. (Adjective dangerous + noun ‘driver’) He drives dangerously. In what manner does he drive? How does he drive? Dangerously.
She stood up suddenly. How did she stand up? Suddenly Adverbs of manner usually come after the verb but sometimes they can come before it. She suddenly stood up. She teased the boy playfully.
She playfully teased the boy. The adverb playfully derives from the adjective playful. The children laughed (how?) happily. The adverb happily derives from the adjective happy.
The boy ran away very quickly. The boy very quickly ran away. Sometimes we can put the adverb of manner at the beginning of the clause or sentence to add emphasis. Very quickly the boy ran away.
Suddenly she stood up. Note: Very is an adverb which can be used to modify another adverb. The boy ran quickly. The adverb quickly modifies the verb ran and the adverb very modifies the adverb quickly.
The boy ran very quickly. Very in this example, modifies how quickly the boy ran. Very can also modify adjectives. The house is big.
The house is very big. Note: Very can never be used before extreme adjectives. Example It’s very hot in here (hot is a normal adjective) It’s very boiling in here (boiling is the extreme adjective of hot) Adverbs of place answer the question where? John is here. (Here-is the adverb which shows the location of John.
Where is John? He is here). Where is dad? He’s outside. Where is dad? Outside. They’ve been there for a year.
I can’t find my bag anywhere.