MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING THE GRADUATION THESIS OUTLINE FACTORS AFFECTING LIQUIDITY RISK OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM SPECIALIZED: FINANCE AND BANKING CODE: 7340201 TRAN NGUYEN LOAN CHAU HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING THE GRADUATION THESIS OUTLINE FACTORS AFFECTING LIQUIDITY RISK OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM SPECIALIZED: FINANCE AND BANKING CODE: 7340201 Student’s name: Tran Nguyen Loan Chau Student’s ID: 050608200028 Class: HQ08-GE08 SCIENCE INSTRUCTOR DR. NGUYEN MINH NHAT HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 i ABSTRACT Title: Factors Affecting Liquidity Risk of Commercial Banks in Vietnam This thesis is based on theoretical foundations and previous empirical studies on liquidity and liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam and globally. The analysis and assessment of liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam during the period 2012 – 2022 were conducted using secondary data collected from audited consolidated financial reports of 29 commercial banks and reputable electronic portals such as the World Bank and the General Statistics Office. The research used Pooled OLS, FEM, and REM regression methods on two models with dependent variables being Loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) and Liquidity Financing gap (FINGAP).
The independent variables included Bank Size (SIZE), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Return on Equity ratio (ROE), Loans to Total Asset ratio (LTA), Equity to Total Asset (ETA), Loan Loss Provision (LLP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Inflation rate (INF). The study then tested the model's shortcomings and utilized FGLS and GMM regression methods to determine the most effective models. The GMM regression results showed that in Model 1, with LDR as the dependent variable, SIZE, ROE, and LTA had positive impact on liquidity risk, while NIM had an inverse correlation with liquidity risk. For Model 2, with FINGAP as the dependent variable, NIM, ETA, LLP, GDP, and INF showed positive correlations with liquidity risk, whereas ROE had a negative correlation with liquidity risk.
Based on these findings, the research provides managerial recommendations for commercial banks and the central bank to prevent and minimize liquidity risk during their business operations. Additionally, the study identifies research gaps and suggests future directions for further development of this topic. Keywords: Liquidity risk, Generalized Method of Moments model, Commercial banks, Vietnam ii DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY My name is Tran Nguyen Loan Chau, currently a student in the High Quality Bachelor's program, majoring in Finance - Banking, belonging to the HQ8-GE08 class at the Ho Chi Minh University of Banking. I hereby declare that all the content presented in this graduation thesis is the result of my independent research.
The content, data, and research results in the report are clearly cited and transparent about the data collection sources in the reference section and have not been published in any other form before. I take full responsibility for any fraud or misconduct in the content of the report. I sincerely thank you! Ho Chi Minh City, March 20th 2024 Author Trần Nguyễn Loan Châu iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I sincerely thank the Board of Directors of the Ho Chi Minh University of Banking, as well as all the lectures who dedicatedly conveyed and guided me through the essential practical knowledge during the period studying at the university, enabling me to have the necessary foundation to complete this thesis. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Dr.
Nguyen Minh Nhat for his guidance and support throughout the process of completing this graduation thesis, allowing me to successfully fulfill my research. I am truly thankful! iv TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .4 Research subjects and scope .6 Contribution of the study.5 CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH .1 Overview of liquidity risk .1 The concept of risk .2 The concept of liquidity and liquidity suppliers – demands.2 Overview of previous studies .3 Overview of research variables .25 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS AND MODELS .2 Research Models and Hypothesis .36 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Descriptive statistical analysis .3 Estimating the regression models and testing the regression hypotheses 48 4.1 Comparison of the fit between the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and the Random Effects Model (REM) .2 Comparison of the fit between the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and the Pooled OLS Model .4 Checking the models’ defects .5 Remedying the research models .1 Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method .6 Research results discussion .61 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS .4 Proposing directions for future research .74 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1 The previous studies. 1 Statistics of expected affect and previous studies of variables in the models.
1 Descriptive Statistics of Variables in Model 1. 2 Descriptive Statistics of Variables in Model 2. 3 Correlation matrix among the explanatory variables in Model 1. 5 Summarize research model included OLS-FEM-REM for model 1.
6 Summarize research model included OLS-FEM-REM for model 2. 7 Hausman test for model 1. 8 Hausman test for model 2. 9 F-test for model 1.
10 F-test for model 2 .11 Research of multicollinearity test. 12 Wooldridge test result for model 1. 13 Wooldridge test result for model 2. 14 Modified Wald test result for model 1.
15 Modified Wald test result for model 2 .16 Summarize research model included OLS-FEM-REM-FGLS for model 1 .17 Summarize research model included OLS-FEM-REM-FGLS for model 2. 18 Results of determining endogenous variables in model 1 .19 Summarize model included OLS-FEM-REM-FGLS-GMM for model 1. 20 GMM regression results. 21 Results of determining endogenous variables in model 2.
22 Summarize model included OLS-FEM-REM-FGLS-GMM for model 2. 23 The GMM regression results. 24 Summary of influence levels of independent variables in model 1. 25 Summary of influence levels of independent variables in model 2 .64 ix LIST OF GRAPHICS Figure 3.30 x LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronyms English ANOVA Analysis of Variance ATM Automatic Teller Machine BIS Bank for International Settlements ETA Equity to Total Asset FEM Fixed Effects Model FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Square FINGAP Financing Gap GDP Gross Domestic Product GMM Generalized Method of Moments GSOV General Statistics Office of Vietnam IMF International Monetary Fund INF Inflation rate LDR Loan-to-deposit ratio LLP Loan Loss Provision LTA Loans to Total Asset NIM Net Interest Margin OLS Ordinary Least Square REM Random Effects Model ROE Return On Equity SBV The State Bank of Vietnam VIF Variance Inflation Factor WB World Bank 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 1, the study provides an overview of the liquidity situation and liquidity risk in the banking systems globally and domestically.
Additionally, Chapter 1 outlines the fundamental issues of the thesis through the following sections: 1.1 Introduction The banking industry plays a key role in national economies, strongly influencing the global financial system (Weisbrod and Rojas-Suárez, 1995). Therefore, risks arising during banks business operations are the primary concern of countries, with liquidity risks are considered to be prioritized to observe, prevent, and overcome promptly. Because liquidity represents a bank's ability to immediately meet cash demands, a bank with good liquidity will be able to use available capital at a reasonable cost at the right time. At the same time, they can avoid the risks of sudden increases in capital mobilization costs and even default when we cannot meet the cash requirement, threatening the stability of the entire banking system.
In world financial history, we experienced the big financial crisis in the United States in the period 2007 - 2008, also known as the subprime mortgage crisis, which is regarded one of the historic crises causing economic recession and serious impact on the entire world economy. The main cause of the crisis is alleged to be investment banks in the US providing mortgage loans to people individuals who couldn't afford them. When loans mature, bad debts accumulate, causing financial and real estate bubbles bursting. At that time, real estate prices plummeted, a series of banks and financial institutions collapsed continuously, and the unemployment rate skyrocketed to 10%.
The peak was on September 15th, 2008, when Lehman Brothers Holdings filed for bankruptcy after 158 years of operation. Starting in the United States, the crisis rapidly extended to other nations, resulting in a worldwide crisis. Global trade nearly collapsed, falling 15% from 2008 to 2009 (Rodini, 2023). By 2010 the total number of jobs lost was 30 million.
Vietnam is also a country affected by the financial crisis. Although the financial system has not yet been affected, import-export 2 production and business, investment capital attraction, remittances., etc have been significantly affected (Nguyen Van Tao, 2012). These severe losses are the consequences of banks' lack of liquidity. Therefore, liquidity plays an extremely important role, demonstrating the prestige and position of the Bank in particular as well as the safety of the whole banking system in general (Dang Van Dan, 2015); and liquidity risk is considered as a top management priority.
In Vietnam, since The Great Crisis, the State Bank has paid more attention to liquidity issues, issued many innovative policies and achieved certain achievements. However, some cases of liquidity risks causing serious impacts on the banking system still occur (Dang Van Dan, 2015). In December 2009, the liquidity of commercial banks showed signs of stress when the ratio of liquid capital/deposits mobilized from the economy decreased in all groups of commercial banks compared to the end of 2008 while the capital mobilization balance of commercial banks from the interbank market increased by 65.8% compared to the end of 2008. In the period from October 2010 to January 2011, the credit/capital mobilization ratio of the entire credit institution system increased significantly from 98.6% in October 2010 to 100.
Because credit growth was faster than capital mobilization growth continuously within 6 months since October 2010, it caused this liquidity tension (Do Hoai Linh and Lai Thi Thanh Loan, 2018). Banking is a chain system, so maintaining stability in the banking system is a vital task to ensure the safety of the entire economy. Therefore, domestic and international research projects have addressed this topic. Mugenyah (2015) in the research article "Determinants of liquidity risk of commercial banks in Kenya" relied on statistical results from data from Central Banks in Kenya to conclude that capital adequacy ratio, liquid asset ratio, ownership type, size and leverage were significant determinants of liquidity risk.
From there, the study recommended that bank managers can effectively manage liquidity risk by focusing on those factors to make reasonable proposals to minimize liquidity risk. In Vietnam, Truong Quang Thong (2014) in the study "Factors Affecting Liquidity Risk in the 3 System of Vietnamese Commercial Banks" based on the annual reports of 27 commercial banks concluded that the internal factors, such as total asset size, liquidity reserve, inter-bank loan, and ratio of equity to capital, and the external ones, such as growth rate, inflation, and effects of policy lags had impact on liquidity risk. Through that, the study also proposed some recommendations to enhance the efficacy of liquidity risk management at commercial banks in Vietnam. Risk management is a core function of banks (Waemustafa and Sukri, 2016) while the economy is still changing in complexity every day.
Based on the inheritance of previous research and the current situation of business activities of commercial banks in Vietnam, the author chose the topic "Factors affecting liquidity risks of commercial banks in Vietnam" as a research topic for thesis. The study evaluates the factors and their influence on the liquidity risk of commercial banks in the period 2012 - 2022. Based on updated and current results, the article provides recommendations on improving the efficiency of liquidity risk management at banks in Vietnam.1 Overall Objectives: The purpose of the study is to determine the factors and measure, evaluate their level and direction of impact on liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam, thereby proposing recommendations to minimize the commercial banks' liquidity risk and effectively enhance the liquidity management.