UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business ------------------------ Vo Thuy Thanh Tam FACTORS AFFECTING ACADEMIC BURNOUT AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN VIETNAM ID: 22130066 MASTER OF BUSINESS (Honors) SUPERVISOR: DR. PHAM NGOC THUY Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2015 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my very great appreciation to my adviser - Dr. Pham Ngoc Thuy with all my respect and gratitude. I have been fortunate in receiving lots of her valuable guidelines, recommendations and feedbacks during this research.
I am sincerely thankful to Professor Nguyen Dinh Tho, Associate Professor Tran Ha Minh Quan, Associate Professor Nguyen Thi Mai Trang and Dr. Nguyen TN Que for their valuable time as proposal examination committee. Their comments and meaningful advice contributed significantly for me to complete this thesis. My special gratitude is extended to all instructors and staffs of School International Scholl of Business – University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for their teaching and guidance during my Master course.
Most especially to my family, my closet friends for giving me strengths, support and love to overcome all the difficulties throughout my period of study. i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .i LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES. The significance of the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES. Definition of constructs. The proposed research model .1 Data collection process .3 Exploratory Factor Analysis. 28 ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.5 Testing research model using SEM .1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).
47 5 CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND LIMITATION .1 Implication for married working women .2 Implication for human resource management .3 Implication for training institutes. 61 Appendix A List of in-depth interviews’ participants. 61 Appendix B Refined measurement scales. 71 Appendix E Total Variance Explained (first round).
74 iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Core self-evaluations, work-family conflict, and job burnout (Haines et al.2 Core self-evaluations, life satisfaction, and burnout (Lian et al. 41 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of hypotheses.1 Scales and coding .2 KMO and Bartlett's Test (first round) .4 KMO and Bartlett's Test (last round) .5 Total Variance Explained (last round) .8 Standardized Regression Weights .9 Fit indices for the test model result in CFA.10 Composite reliability and average variance extracted .13 Standardized Regression Weights. 44 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS AMOS: Analysis of Moment Structures CEO: Chief Executive Officer CFA: Confirmatory Factor Analysis EAC: Asian Economic Community EFA: Exploratory Factor Analysis NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations SEM: Structural Equation Modeling SME: Small and Medium-sized enterprises SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT In the age of integration, retaining and managing talented employees are extremely meaningful for organizations to ensure their competitive advantages. Moreover, the demands of employees’ knowledge and soft skills improvement is also increasing highly.
In recent years in Vietnam, more and more women have been holding important roles in national and foreign companies. However Vietnamese women still framed in request to quality their roles as wives and mothers in family. This creates psychological pressure and causes difficulties in married working women. Thus, the paper aims to examine the factors affecting academic burnout and job performance of married working women.
Findings from the research will be very useful for the human resources department to make plans and policies to manage and develop female staffs in firms. The measures were based on a thorough review of the previous literature. This study included two phases, preliminary and main research, which were implemented in Ho Chi Minh City. Using the data collection of 343 respondents, the author found that academic burnout was influenced negatively by core self-evaluation and positively by work-family (and family-work) conflict whereas job performance was affected positively by core self- evaluation and negatively by work-family (and family-work) conflict.
Finally, the results suggested that married working women should have optimistic self-view to deal easier with conflicts between job and family. Consequently, they could reduce academic burnout and improve job performance. Besides, the human resource department should establish more supportive policies to help female employees reduce stress from work and family conflicts so that they could perform job effectively. Furthermore, the results could be applied for training institutes in attracting new students by supporting married working female students to achieve better study outcomes.
Some limitations of this research were shown at the end. Keywords: core self-evaluation, academic burnout, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, job performance vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Research background Enhancing job performance is an important issue in survival and development of companies (Lai & Chen, 2012). Recruiting and retaining exceptional human talent can provide value of “human capital advantage” (Wang, Chiang & Tung, 2012).
Otherwise, failure in these roles can lead extremely serious consequences for both company and economics. Karatepe (2013) indicated that employees with full of stress could cause negative effect on their job performance. Finding solutions to reduce employees’ burnout and improve employees’ performance is never an easy answer and could cost much time and money from not only organizations but also society. On the other hand, globalization reached its peak at the beginning of the twentieth century, which had heated up the market, especially the growing ones of the Third World.
In order to take more advantages in a highly competitive market, the demand to develop knowledge, skills and a global mindset for each individual in firms is supposed to increase significantly (Dobre, 2012). In literatures, many studies have been carried out to investigate the factors affecting job performance (Springer, 2011; Ahmad & Omar, 2012; Ram, 2013; Fu & Deshpande, 2014) and job burnout (Bakker, Demerouti & Verbeke, 2004; Beheshtifar & Omidvar, 2013; Li et al. Academic burnout, which is considered as another type of job burnout applying in learning, has received much more concern of management sector in recent decades (Galbraith & Merrill, 2012; Harris, Gallagher & Rossi, 2013; Haines et al., 2014; Anuradha & Jha, 2014; Lian et al., 2014; Hojat et al. Among these factors, core self-evaluation has become a hot issue in psychological researches due to its relevance to job burnout and job performance not only in a medical sector but also in economics (e.
Li, Guan, Chang & Zhang, 2014; Javed, Abrar, Haq & Shabir, 2014). According to Haines et al., (2013), individual who has high core self-evaluation has less conflicts between work and family related activities. These conflicts cause unbalance in individual’s life and decrease their quality of life (Md-Sidin, Sambasivan & Ismail, 2010; Lian et al. Thus, they are recognized the main reasons for individuals stress in modern 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com life within their impact on academic burnout and job performance (Ahmad & Omar, 2012; Karatepe, 2013).
Research problems In the age of globalization, the needs to retain and manage talented employees, who have deep practical knowledge & high degree, is extremely essential in order to increase the competitive advantages of the firm (Kapoor, 2011). Vietnam is known as a developing country and it is forecasted to face lots of opportunities as well as risks when taking part in Asian Economic Community in the end of 2015 (Vietnamnet, 2014). According to this news, there are majority of Vietnamese entrepreneurs that are not concerned adequately about information of AEC integrating process. Hence, they have no preparation to contribute specific strategies and this could create a potential chance for foreign companies to dominate Vietnamese market in the next few years.
Moreover, human resource is now conceded as an anxious problem for Vietnamese firms. When Vietnam completely joins in Asian Economic Community, qualified Vietnamese workers have widely opportunities to work in multinational groups or Vietnamese large firms have more sources to recruit qualified managers (Vietnamnet, 2015). However, this also makes many shortcomings to both Vietnamese workers who are not qualified enough and small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). The employees have to face the challenge that whether they ought to improve themselves by achieving more skills and higher degrees or they will be discharged; whereas human resource department of Vietnamese firms need to find solutions of developing and retaining their current potential talents to avoid brain drain.
As a result of this, examining factors affecting academic burnout and job performance are important for research. Although men used to be known as the majority of labor, in current, the demographic composition has been changed dramatically. According to Vietnamese Government statistic in 2014, women have more than 45 million people, accounting for over 50% of the national population and over 47% of social workers (Bhxhlamdong, 2014). More and more women have been working in the areas that has previously been the strength of men like electricity - 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com electronics, information technology, and mechanical engineer.
Moreover, women are increasingly holding important roles in government organizations, NGOs and firms. Research in 2015 by the International Labor Organization, Vietnam was ranked 76 out of 108 countries in the rate of female participation in management with 23% (Ilo, 2015). According to that research, there were 29.5% women employers in the small and medium enterprises. This had positive implications for the development of the country due to the fact that women accounted for half of the supportive international education resources, which means they also accounted for a significant proportion of the talents.
The study also showed a positive relationship between the leadership of women with business efficiency. The reason could be explained that women often control household budgets, making financial decisions and their purchasing power is increasing, they are important customers and consumers for products and services. Therefore, making decisions in the enterprise should have the participation of both women and men. In final, research results indicated that the support for women in career development was encouraged because increasing the proportion of women in the highest positions of leadership would promote productivity and competency for business in particular, and for the economy - society in general.
In the political field from the early 21st century have the appearance of famous female politicians such as Hillary Clinton (USA), Yingluck Shinawatra (Thailand), Angela Merkel (German) or successful female CEOs such as Indra Nooyi (PepsiCo), Sheryl Sandberg (Facebook), and Susan Wojcicki Diane (Youtube). On October 12, 2014, Vietnam already organized the day to praise the women entrepreneurs in the country (Antv, 2014). The typical examples like Ms. Mai Kieu Lien (CEO of Vinamilk), Ms.
Thai Huong (CEO of TH True Milk), and Ms. Pham Thi Viet Nga (CEO of DHG Pharma) have encouraged Vietnamese women to constantly develop and study for their better lives and the respect of society. However, it is not the same as other continents, Asia still underestimates the importance of women in work and life. South Korea, China and Vietnam though publicize gender equality in society but under the influence of the ancient habits, women are still tied to their role as wives and mothers, who have to undertake households from cooking, washing and other stuffs to take care of their husband and children.
Even though young women 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com nowadays are encouraged to develop career but after working, they still have to do chores at home. Those who are married are expected not only have responsibility for their elementary family but also for their own parents and parents-in-law. While human energy is limited, married women who have suffered the 8-hour job pressure, then continue to take care of their family, and in some cases they have to enhance knowledge and skills by joining training courses, it could not be surprised that they are burnout. Finding and understanding burnout problem of married women will be very useful for the human resources department to make plans and policies to manage and develop married female staffs who gradually keep higher and more significant positions in companies recent years.