11830 Westline Industrial Drive St. Louis, Missouri 63146 VETERINARY HERBAL MEDICINE ISBN-13: 978-0323-02998-8 ISBN-10: 0-323-02998-1 Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804, fax: (+1) 215 239 3805, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions”. Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment, and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate.
Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. The Publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veterinary herbal medicine / [edited by] Susan G.
Includes bibliographical references and index. Alternative veterinary medicine. Herbs—Therapeutic use. Veterinary Medicine–methods.
Medicine, Herbal–methods.089′5321—dc22 2006047201 Publishing Director: Linda Duncan Publisher: Penny Rudolph Developmental Editor: Shelly Stringer Publishing Services Manager: Pat Joiner Senior Project Manager: Karen M. Rehwinkel Senior Designer: Jyotika Shroff Working together to grow libraries in developing countries Printed in China www.org Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors James Martin Affolter, PhD (Botany) Cindy Engel, PhD, MRSS Professor Lecturer, Open University University of Georgia Department of Horticulture; Clover Forge Farm Director of Research Suffolk, United Kingdom State Botanical Garden of Georgia Chapter 2: Zoopharmacognosy University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Terrence S. Fox, BS (Hon), MS, PhD Chapter 17: Conserving Medicinal Plant Biodiversity Buck Mountain Botanicals Miles City, Montana Kerry Martin Bone, BSc (Hons); Dip Phyt (Diploma in Chapter 16: Commercial Production of Organic Herbs for Phytotherapy) Veterinary Medicine Adjunct Associate Professor School of Health Joyce C. Harman, DVM, MRCVS University of New England Harmany Equine Clinic, Ltd Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; Washington, Virginia Director of Research Research & Development Chapter 21: Herbal Medicine in Equine Practice MediHerb Pty Ltd Warwick, Queensland, Australia Hubert J.
Karreman, VMD Penn Dutch Cow Care Chapter 7: Evaluating, Designing, and Accessing Herbal Quarryville, Pennsylvania Medicine Research Chapter 22: Phytotherapy for Dairy Cows William Bookout, BS, MBA President, Genesis Limited; Linda B. Khachatoorian, RVT President, National Animal Supplement Council Product Manager Valley Center, California Genesis Limited Valley Center, California Chapter 8: Regulation and Quality Control Chapter 8: Regulation and Quality Control Marina Martin Curran, BSc (Hons), MSc School of GeoSciences Tonya E. Khan, DVM, BSc University of Edinburgh Veterinarian United Kingdom Mosquito Creek Veterinary Hospital North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Chapter 3: Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Potential Solutions for Large-Scale Problems? Chapter 3: Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Potential Solutions for Large-Scale Problems? v vi CONTRIBUTORS Robyn Klein, RH (AHG), MS, Medical Botanist Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, Diplomate, American Adjunct Professor Board of Veterinary Toxicology Department of Plant Sciences Professor of Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Montana State University Toxicology Bozeman, Montana California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System Chapter 10: Medical Botany University of California School of Veterinary Medicine Davis, California Cheryl Lans, MSc, PhD Postdoctoral Scholar Chapter 12: Herbal Medicine: Potential for Intoxication Department of Sociology and Interactions With Conventional Drugs University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada David W.
Ramey, DVM Ramey Equine Chapter 3: Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Potential Solutions Calabasas, California; for Large-Scale Problems? Adjunct Faculty College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Steven Paul Marsden, DVM, ND, MSOM, LAc, Dipl. Colorado State University Chinese Herbology, RH(AHG) Fort Collins, Colorado Instructor International Veterinary Acupuncture Society Chapter 9: A Skeptical View of Herbal Medicine Fort Collins, Colorado; Member, Board of Directors Robert J. Silver, DVM, MS National College of Naturopathic Medicine Boulder’s Natural Animal: An Integrative Wellness Portland, Oregon; Center Co-founder, Edmonton Holistic Veterinary Clinic Boulder, Colorado Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Chapter 6: Ayurvedic Veterinary Medicine: Principles and The Natural Path Clinic Practices Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Chapter 5: Overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine: The Eric Yarnell, ND, RH(AHG) Cooking Pot Analogy President, Botanical Medicine Academy Seattle, Washington; Chapter 13: Herbal Energetics: A Key to Efficacy in Herbal Adjunct Faculty Medicine Department of Botanical Medicine Bastyr University; Constance M. McCorkle, PhD Adjunct Faculty Senior Research Scientist and President Herbal Healing Program CMC Consulting Tai Sofia Institute; Falls Church, Virginia; Visiting Professor Graduate Faculty Member Pochon CHA University University of Fairfax Seoul, Korea; Vienna, Virginia Chief Financial Officer, Chapter 3: Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Potential Solutions Healing Mountain Publishing, Inc.; for Large-Scale Problems? Vice President, Heron Botanicals, Inc.
Seattle, Washington Andrew Pengelly, DBM, ND, BA, FNHAA Chapter 11: Plant Chemistry in Veterinary Medicine: Program Convener and Lecturer in Herbal Therapies Medicinal Constituents and Their Mechanisms of Action School of Applied Sciences University of Newcastle Ellen Zimmerman, MA New South Wales, Australia Austin School of Herbal Studies Chapter 17: Conserving Medicinal Plant Biodiversity Austin, Texas Chapter 15: Designing the Medicinal Herb Garden Preface onsumers of medicine and veterinary medicine We recognize that challenges still exist. It may be some C have shown that they desire a variety of medical approaches. Herbal medicine just can’t seem to die, and has persisted no thanks to us veterinar- time until we clearly understand how herbs and drugs interact. Standardization is a contentious issue, recom- mended by researchers and resisted by herbalists.
In our ians—our clients and nonveterinary herbalists have kept view, herbal medicine is unique among medical special- it alive. Skeptics have mourned the loss of medical inde- ties in that we are guided by the past, whereas most of pendence, and have argued that medical research and medicine is inspired by new and untested remedies. Still, practice should not be beholden to public opinion. In we support research that clarifies these issues, and our fact, the last hundred years of medical trajectory is the hope is that researchers in this field will recognize the result of the Flexner report, which aimed to shut down expertise and experience of herbalists already active in sectarian medicine.
Flexner’s sponsor, the Carnegie Foun- clinical investigations of their tools. dation, believed that medical education should not be With this book, we hope that we can contribute to the independent and commercialized, but that it in fact re-emergence of the art of veterinary herbal medicine. should answer to public and charitable interests (Hiatt, 1999). People want herbal medicine.
This is our attempt to help veterinarians explore and begin to offer it. vii Acknowledgments his book is the result of collaboration between We also acknowledge the tireless efforts of our editors, T extraordinary experts in a variety of fields. By bringing them together, we hope we have pre- sented a new picture of herbal medicine to the veterinary in particular Shelly Stringer and Karen Rehwinkel. Many thanks to our family and friends, who waited patiently for us to finish so that we could regain our free time.
We could not have done it without our Susan Wynn would particularly like to thank her authors, and we have also relied upon reviewers to survey parents, Jack and Linda Wynn, her students, her co- the information for errors. We thank Joni Freshman, workers at Bell’s Ferry Veterinary Hospital, and finally, Patricia Kyritsi Howell, Beth Lambert, Sherry Sanderson, Barbara Fougère, for their heartening reassurances about Roy Upton, David Winston, and Eric Yarnell for preview- this project. ing some of the chapters for accuracy. Any errors that A special thanks from Barbara Fougère to Lyndy Scott remain belong to us and should not reflect on their work.
and Karl Walls for your support and encouragement. And Of course, we stand on the shoulders of giants, and to Susan Wynn, its been a real pleasure—a challenging, the resources of herbalists who come before us have been stimulating, and very exciting journey working with you. We would like to especially thank Henriette Thank you. Kress, Michael Moore, Paul Bergner, David Winston, Together we would also like to especially acknowledge Michael Tierra, James Duke, Daniel Moerman, Kerry the many animals who have given their lives for the sake Bone, Simon Mills, Berris Burgoyne, and many more who of scientific research.
If, in the evidence-based medicine have shared their knowledge in books and on their web- scheme, their sacrifices are meaningless to our patients, sites, as well as the authors of the many ethnomedical, we are the poorer for it. scientific herbals, and antiquarian veterinary texts, too many to be named, in our libraries. ix Introduction: Why Use Herbs? Susan G. Wynn and Barbara J.
Fougère 1 CHAPTER “Plants are nature’s alchemists, expert at transforming water, soil, and sunlight into an array of precious sub- stances, many of them beyond the ability of human beings to conceive, much less manufacture. While we were nailing down consciousness and learning to walk on two feet, they were, by the same process of natural selec- tion, inventing photosynthesis (the astonishing trick of converting sunlight into food) and perfecting organic chemistry. As it turns out, many of the plants’ discoveries in chemistry and physics have served us well. From plants come chemical compounds that nourish and heal and poison and delight the senses, others that rouse and put to sleep and intoxicate, and a few with the astounding power to alter consciousness—even to plant dreams in the brains of awake humans.” Botany of Desire, Michael Pollan H erbal medicine represents a synthesis of many fields—botany, history, ethnomedi- cine, and pharmacology.
Embarking on the study of this field means that veterinarians will be required HERBS ARE NOT SIMPLY “UNREFINED DRUGS” Complex Drugs With Complex Actions to reframe the way they think about medicine. Many chal- Plants may contain many dozens of chemical con- lenges await us. We are asked to consider plants we learned stituents. Some of these have pharmacologically unique in toxicology as useful medicines.
We are told, in the age of and powerful activity and have been tapped by the drug evidence-based medicine, that old authorities (some who industry to develop new pharmaceuticals. However, the lived as long as 2000 years ago) still have something to other ingredients in plants may have important activity as teach us. Our knowledge about these medicines comes well. Consider, for example, the vitamins, minerals, flavo- from plant scientists, food scientists, pharmacologists, lay noids, carotenoids, sugars, and amino acids contained herbalists, and farmers—and we are asked to respect them in a plant—do these assist effector cells in mounting as equal partners in herbal education and discovery.
Even the physiologic response initiated by the “drug”? And as we become comfortable and familiar with these plants, do constituents with lesser pharmaceutical activity than we are told that we won’t be able to use them unless we the one “recognized” active constituent play any role? become active in conservation efforts. Herbal medicine These complex drugs offer the sick patient a greater asks a lot but gives the practitioner more in return. range of effects. Because there are many conditions for Why use an herb when we have available to us estab- which the etiopathogenesis is unknown, providing the lished, effective treatments for so many medical condi- patient with a choice of biochemical solutions makes tions? Most herbalists would answer this way: When sense.