CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study examines the importance of collocations in the process of teaching and learning spoken English. This introductory chapter presents a description of the problem which the thesis attempts to solve and provides the rationale for the chosen area of investigation. In addition, the purpose of the study and its overview will be presented together with the scope and limitation of the study.1 ENGLISH SITUATION IN VIETNAM To begin with, the use of English as an international language for communication is probably more common today than ever before. Crystal (1997) reported, “English is now the language most widely taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries, and in most of these countries, it is emerging as the chief foreign language to be encountered in schools, often displacing another language in the process” (p.
Next, with the ‘open-door' policy and the cultural integration, together with more and more foreign investments in Vietnam, the opportunities for Vietnamese learners to communicate with native speakers are increasing. However, they are still not successful in communication in English. Nguyen Anh Phu, the Personnel Manager of Vietnam Furn-line Company brought out an alarming figure “…more than 60 % of learners majoring in English cannot meet the requirements of many foreign companies. Another point is that, while the field of language teaching and learning is rich in studies of foreign language learners’ linguistic and pragmatic errors.
The concept of the “strangeness” of linguistic forms in terms of collocations, which has been less noticed in Vietnamese studies. Yet, this neglect of this area can lead to many students’ problems when they have to communicate in English. In order to help 1 students learn English better and more effectively, a description of the problem which this thesis attempts to solve will be mentioned in the next section.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.1 Vietnamese learners’ problems when speaking English Under my observation, Vietnamese students often put selecting individual words together in a certain order to produce an English sentence. This idea about how English works is not quite accurate because words tend to stick together; they hand around together in packs.Those packs are based on meaning.
So, there are sets of words to use to talk about particular topics. That is, we tend to be working with sets of words rather than single words. Therefore, when non-native speakers put words together to talk to native speakers, the native speakers sometimes don’t understand what they mean. The non-native speakers quickly become discouraged.
Some people regret investing too much energy, time and money in learning English because their attempt cannot bring them any good results. According to Widdowson (1979), “Students, especially students in developing countries, who have received several years of formal English teaching frequently, remain deficient in the ability to actually use the language, and to understand its use in normal communication. During my speaking teaching hours, when the students were asked to role-play the conversations, some students tried to make up their own words. They said “milk coffee” or “coffee with milk” in stead of “white coffee”.
Others spent a great amount of time explaining that item instead of expressing something by a single lexical item., to say “white coffee”, without knowing the word would involve a lengthy description of how one can make it, what ingredients it is made from. These words sometimes sound odd and strange to native speakers. Hill (2000) emphasizes that learners may know a lot of words which they struggle to use, along with their grammatical knowledge, but 2 they lack the ability to use those words in a range of collocations. He stated, “…The reason which so many students are not making any perceived progress in communication is simply because they have not been trained to notice with words go with which.
In the article “Phá Bỏ Tâm Lý Thụ Động Á Đông” (How To Get Rid Of the Eastern People’s Passive Psychology), Mr. Tran Lam Son, the head of the department of foreign languages and information technology of the Continuing Education Center of Nghệ An said, “….Many ESL learners who are very good at grammar can do English exercises well but failing in communication in English. These learners can have large knowledge of vocabulary but not knowing how to use it in daily conversations. According to his viewpoint, the reason for ESL learners’ failure in communication has been due to the traditional teaching methods which only focus on testing vocabulary, not testing communicative competence.
Some opinions on English teaching and learning in Vietnam will be presented in the next section.2 The necessity of collocation teaching and learning Over the last few years, the teaching of collocations has gained more interest from English teachers and theorists in many countries and it has been considered as an important tool to help learners acquire the language faster and more efficiently, especially in improving productive skills such as speaking skill or writing skill. However, in Vietnam, the number of studies on this field seems new and has not been concerned much by Vietnamese teachers and researchers. With the purpose of giving some positive thoughts on a new model of innovation in ESL teaching and learning, I would like to analyze some positive opinions of some famous linguists. Studies by Bahns (1993) and Bahns & Eldaw (1993) pointed out the problems that ESL learners have is that they are unable to successfully put words together to produce an English sentence wheareas Hill (2000) found that “non- native speakers have problems not because of faulty grammar but a lack of 3 collocations” (p.
He suggested adding the concept of collocation competence to our thinking, but he did not offer how to do it. Hill (2000) claimed: We have been familiar with the concept of communicative competence, but perhaps we should add the concept of collocation competence to our thinking because the richer in collocations an ESL learner gets, the higher precision, accuracy, coherence and authenticity of his /her speech is. 49) According to Richards and Rodgers (1992), when British linguists see the need to focus on communication proficiency rather than on mere mastery of structures, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which started in the early 1970s with a theory of language as communication, now become very popular in ESL teaching and learning. However, the main principle of CLT is to explore ways of enable learners to become independent to communicate freely.
However, Krasen (cited in Phillips, 1999) says that learners with low self-esteem are more likely concerned with what their peers think about them and this fear of making a mistake heightens their anxiety. And the anxiety makes them less willing to speak out. This makes the teaching of spoken English become a challenge to all EFL teachers, especially to those who apply the CLT in their teaching because the core principle of the CLT is the focus on fluency and speaking freely. Yet, the Vietnamese learners often find it difficult to get familiar with the quick delivery of spoken English, hence making them fail to give on-time responses.
To some extent, the teaching of collocations can make learners aware of frequent words and they know how to “use” words to express their ideas exactly and effectively. According to Pawley and Syder (1983), the reason we can speak our first language fluently and choose word sequences that make us sound like native speakers is because we have stored a large number of memorized sequences in our brain. Instead of constructing these each time we need to say something, we frequently draw on these ready-made sequences. Therefore, in the process of ESL teaching, the teacher should encourage students to pay more attention to the frequent sequences that the native speakers actually use, learn them and use these 4 ready-made sequences in communication.
If the learners feel sure about what they are going to speak, they will be more confident to take part in communicative activities inside or outside the classroom. More than that, the learners’ awareness of these patterns can reduce the learning of many isolated words. Thanks to this, the students’ learning burden will be lighter. In Vo’s (2005) study on “How to improve the teaching and learning of spoken English to pre-intermediate English learners at AFU foreign language center”, the researcher showed some difficulties which Vietnamese learners have in listening and producing spoken language.
She suggested “the teacher needs to pay more attention to how to teach vocabulary effectively and communicatively” to help students improve their vocabulary source and their ability of using language orally (p. Finally, the authors of Oxford Collocations Dictionary (2002) suggest that an understanding of collocation is vital for all ESL learners. When learners use collocations, they will be better understood and they will speak more naturally and fluently. They conclude that “every student choosing the right collocation makes his/her speech more natural and more native-speaker like”.3 English teaching and learning in Vietnam English has played an important part in Vietnam’s educational system.
It is taught in various schools, from elementary to university, and widely used in business (Nguyen, 2004). However, after many years of learning English, students often feel that classroom-based speaking practice does not prepare them for the use of “real language” in real world. Nguyen Thi Xuan Thanh, a former student, majoring in English, of Ho Chi Minh University of Pedagogy complained that the teaching methods of the university couldn’t bring her any good results. She wasn’t confident to speak English.
She said that she had to teach herself to improve her speaking ability. 5 Considering the teaching approaches that Vietnamese teachers have been applied so far, it seems that Vietnamese teachers have given little attention to make the students aware of the important roles of collocations. They just considered the teaching of collocations as the teaching of vocabulary in isolation or only corrected mistakes since these teachers that students can learn vocabulary, including collocations by themselves without the teacher’s help.2, teachers’ responses to the interviews, page 65). These teachers have neglected giving students a chance to learn some necessary techniques and strategies for acquiring new words by themselves.
As a result, the students may not take any notice of collocations when learning English. Considering this situation, Dr. Do Huy Thinh, the Director of Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) in Vietnam pointed out some reasons for the failure of language teaching in Vietnam such as: the inappropriate ways of English teaching and learning, teaching contents separating from real life, the lack of opportunities for students to use their language. Huynh The Cuoc, the President of Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology (HUFLIT) suggested that “…The right method to teach a foreign language is teaching how to use that language in real life “living language” (sinh ngữ).
He emphasized that the frequency and regularity of usage should be focused” (translated by the writer). The authors of Oxford Collocations Dictionary (2002) claims that “learning how words can be combined in English will allow you to say what you mean – and say it more naturally” and that these combinations, called collocation, “.are vital to communicative competence in English”. 6 What Lewis (2000) wrote in his book can sum up this matter as follows: Collocations provide a more practical and less general approach to language teaching syllabus design than grammar. Collocational patterns can account for some of the variability not captured in the grammar rules, plus providing guidance for language use which may be grammatically correct, but not acceptable in use (p.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this thesis is to examine how teaching the conversation through collocations affects the ESL learners’ communicative competence.
By looking at the scores of the pre-test and the post-test of the two speaking classes of the DOS, the interviews of English teachers’ opinions on the collocation teaching as well as the students’ vocabulary learning habits. The study will, basing on the findings, come up with practical solutions to improve the teaching and learning of spoken English.