MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, HUE UNIVERSITY ------------ HUYNH NHAT UYEN AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF BRAINSTORMING ACTIVITIES IN ENGLISH CLASSES AT SOME PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN HUE CITY MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Hue University of Foreign Languages HUE, 2019 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ ------------ HUỲNH NHẬT UYÊN ĐIỀU TRA VỀ VIỆC SỬ DỤNG NHỮNG HOẠT ĐỘNG ĐỘNG NÃO (BRAINSTORMING) TRONG LỚP HỌC TIẾNG ANH Ở MỘT SỐ TRƢỜNG TIỂU HỌC THÀNH PHỐ HUẾ LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƢƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH MÃ SỐ: 8140111 NGƢỜI HƢỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PGS. LÊ PHẠM HOÀI HƢƠNG HUẾ, 2019 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, HUE UNIVERSITY ------------ HUYNH NHAT UYEN AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF BRAINSTORMING ACTIVITIES IN ENGLISH CLASSES AT SOME PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN HUE CITY MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING CODE: 8140111 SUPERVISOR: ASSOF. LE PHAM HOAI HUONG HUE, 2019 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP The work is contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, my thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due to reference is made in the thesis itself.
(Signed) Date: 10/12/2019 ii ABSTRACT This study aimed at investigating the primary teachers’ perceptions and use of brainstorming activities in teaching English at some primary schools in Hue City. Additionally, it also explored the difficulties faced by the teachers when applying brainstorming activities in teaching English to young learners. The sample of the study consisted of fifty English teachers from some primary schools in Hue City. The data collected from the questionnaire, interview and audio recordings were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
The findings of the study revealed that most of the primary English teachers hold positive perceptions towards brainstorming activities. They also illustrated how to conduct brainstorming activities in terms of types of lesson, teaching aids and classroom management. Furthermore, some brainstorming activities such as listing, mind-mapping and visual brainstorming were claimed to be regularly used in their teaching English to children at primary schools. The teachers then pointed out some difficulties such as the lack of time, large class and mixed levels of students.
That prevented them from conducting successful brainstorming activities. On the basis of the findings, some implications and suggestions were made with the hope that the primary teachers will be in favor of brainstorming activities and use these activities in teaching English to young learners more effectively. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Ms Le Pham Hoai Huong, Assoc.Dr who devoted valuable time to examine my thesis, supported me with many precise comments and suggestions. My thesis would not be completed without her whole-hearted guidance.
Especially, I am really grateful to all teachers teaching MA course and my classmates in this course as well for their teaching, advice, assistance and recommendations during the time I have studied at Hue University of Foreign Languages. Furthermore, I owe a major debt to all English teachers from Hue primary schools, who provided an important basis and stimulus to collect the needed data for the research. Always, my heartfelt thanks go to my beloved family and friends for supporting me with care, encouragement and understanding. Without their assistance, it is obviously difficult for myself to finish my thesis on time.
In a word, my sincere gratitude goes to all of those without whose supported my study is far from being finished. Hue, September 2019 Huynh Nhat Uyen iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF TABLES.
viii LIST OF CHARTS. viii LIST OF FIGURES. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. Structure of the research.
4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Theoretical background on brainstorming. Definitions of brainstorming. Rules of brainstorming.
Focusing on quantity. Not allowing criticism. Welcoming strange ideas. Building on each other’s ideas.
The roles of brainstorming activities. Difficulties in using brainstorming activities. Kinds of classroom management used in brainstorming activities. Whole class brainstorming.
Procedures of brainstorming activities. Examples of classroom brainstorming activities. Theoretical background on young learners. Definitions of young learners.
Characteristics of young learners. Teaching English at primary schools in Vietnam. In other countries. Gaps in the literature.
Research sites and participants. 25 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Primary English teachers’ perceptions of brainstorming activities. Primary English teachers’ perceptions of brainstorming activities in English teaching.
Primary English teachers’ perceptions of brainstorming activities in English learning. Primary English teachers’ use of brainstorming activities in teaching English. The application of brainstorming activities in teaching English. Teaching aids used in brainstorming activities.
Forms of classroom management used in brainstorming activities 36 4. Common brainstorming activities used in teaching English to young learners. Common brainstorming activities used in English lessons. The use of some common brainstorming activities in teaching English.
Difficulties faced by primary English teachers when using brainstorming activities. 46 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Summary of key findings. Limitations of the study.
Suggestions for further research. 57 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 4. The mean score of the questionnaire. The mean score of cluster 1.
Primary English teachers’ responses to benefits of brainstorming activities. The mean score of cluster 2. Teachers’ responses to teaching aids used in brainstorming activities. Teachers’ responses to forms of classroom management used in brainstorming activities.
36 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4. Primary English teachers’ responses to the benefits of brainstorming activities in English learning. Teachers’ responses to the application of brainstorming activities in teaching English. Teachers’ responses to some common brainstorming activities used in English lessons.
38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Mind-mapping of Transportations. 12 viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale English proves to be one of the dominant languages due to its power to access the world. The speakers of other languages employ English as a means of international communication and to bridge the gap of the world of knowledge in various fields such as diplomacy, foreign trading, technology, medicine and so on.
English plays an essential role in each country’s development, as a result, teaching and learning English has been becoming popular throughout the world, including Vietnam where there is an emerging demand for using English as a foreign language. English has been a compulsory subject at most schools generally in the world and particularly in Vietnam. Because of the importance and demand for English, the age span of language learners has been shortened. English is now taught for children of all ages, at kindergartens and primary schools.
Additionally, all students are taught English with the aims to fully develop the balance of four basic skills of language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. The main focus of teaching and learning English nowadays is to develop the learners’ communicative competence. Nunan (1989) acknowledges that Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) views language as a system for expression meaning. Effective activities to language learners involve producing oral communication, conducting meaning tasks, and using language meaningfully in given contexts.
He also claims that the most outstanding characteristic of CLT is that current teaching method puts an emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. It means that the communicative proficiency of learners is the biggest target to be achieved in teaching and learning process. In other words, after a certain period time of learning English, learners will have to be able to listen and speak English successfully at certain levels and requirements. Learning English seems easy to native speakers, however, quite challenging to the language learners especially young learners.
Therefore, teaching English for young learners is quite different from teaching for secondary and adult learners due to the characteristics and learning styles of young learners that affect their second language acquisition. At this age, they are not able to be aware of the aim why they are learning, what and how they are going to do in English lessons. According to Scott and Ytreber (1998, p.2), 1 children have a short span of concentration and even easily lose their attention to the lessons. In this case, teachers are required to introduce the knowledge of the target language to young learners in an easier-understanding and more creative way as well as promote their language skills through authentic materials, meaningful contexts and real interaction.
Consequently, it seems necessary for primary English teachers to build effective and interesting activities and ensure that learners fully participate in and gain certain achievements in learning process. One of the appropriate and comprehensive strategies for teaching English is brainstorming. The term was first coined by Osborn (1942) that brainstorming is a technique of amassing or collecting ideas spontaneously in order to find solution(s) to a specific problem. Brainstorming plays an important part in language skill lessons.
It is often used with activities such as mind-mapping or free-association which are commonly included in warm-up activities or pre-stage of a skill lesson. According to Richard (1990), the great benefits of using brainstorming activities in teaching English are to activate students’ thought to express their opinions, make students think quickly and logically, identify what they are going to learn, facilitate their learning and increase their participation and interests in English lessons. Due to the necessity and popularity of applying brainstorming activities to the context where the target language is taught communicatively, the effectiveness of brainstorming activities and how to use them as a useful tool to enhance the language teaching and learning might be a hot potato for several empirical studies and these ones have laid the foundation with a great contribution perfect the activities as an efficient part of a lesson and together with limiting the shortcoming of these activities (Osborn, 1942; Taylor, Berry & Block, 1958; Richard, 1990; Dennis et al., 1996; Ibinian, 2011; Manouchehry et al., 2014) These studies mentioned above mainly focus on the practices of brainstorming and their impacts on promoting productive skills such as speaking and writing skills. Moreover, English is taught as a foreign language in Vietnam.
The results of the empirical research may not be suitable with the specific context in Hue City, in the central Vietnam. Furthermore, most of the research focus on the secondary students or adult learners. There is still a shortage of research on the young learners. For the mentioned reasons, this study was set out with the tittle “An Investigation into the Use of Brainstorming Activities in English Classes at some Primary Schools in Hue City”.
Research aims The study attempts to 1) find out English teachers’ perceptions of the use of brainstorming activities in English classes to teach English to young learners. 2) gain more insight into how brainstorming activities are used by English teachers to teach English to young learners. 3) give some suggestions for more effective use of brainstorming activities to promote young learners’ English learning. Research questions As far as the aims of this research are concerned, the following research questions are assumed in this study Question 1: What are EFL teachers’ perceptions of the use of brainstorming activities in teaching English to primary students? Question 2: How are brainstorming activities used in primary English classes? Question 3: What difficulties do teachers face in using brainstorming activities in teaching English to primary students? 1.
Research significance The findings of this study have the potential to add to the existing literature regarding to brainstorming as a tool to teach English to young learners.