BANKING ACADEMY OF VIETNAM BANKING FACULTY ------------------------------------- GRADUATION THESIS TOPIC: THE INFLUENCE OF ASSET-LIABILITY MANAGEMENT ON PROFITABILITY OF VIETNAM LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS Student name: Pham Ngoc Binh Class: K22CLCA Faculty: Banking Student Code: 22A4011424 Supervisor & Instructor: Assoc. Nguyen Thuy Duong Hanoi 2024 AFFIRMATION I hereby affirm that the data and research results presented in this thesis are truthful and have not been previously used for obtaining any academic degree. All assistance received during the completion of this thesis has been acknowledged, and all cited information sources are clearly identified and have been appropriately referenced. Student Pham Ngoc Binh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the course of study and training at the Banking Academy, the professors have been dedicated in teaching, imparting fundamental knowledge in the field to the author, providing a solid foundation for future professional endeavors.
During the research and thesis writing process, I have received enthusiastic support from friends, colleagues, and the Academy. The author would like to express gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Thuy Duong, who provided direct guidance, meticulous instructions, guidance, and facilitated the most favorable conditions throughout the research and completion of the thesis. The author sincerely thanks friends and colleagues for their encouragement and assistance in providing materials, useful documents for students to serve the research topic of this thesis.
Thank you sincerely! Student Pham Ngoc Binh ABSTRACT 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 INTRODUCTION 1 1. Background of the thesis 1 2. Objectives of the thesis 3 3. Research object and scope 3 4.
Thesis contribution 4 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH GAP 5 1. The review of previous studies 5 1. Asset-liability management of commercial bank 5 1. Profitability of commercial bank 8 a) Foreign Research 8 b) Domestic Research 10 1.
The influence of Asset-liability management on Profitability of commercial bank 12 a) Overview of approaches to assessing the impact of Asset-liability management on bank profitability 12 b) Overview of methodology 15 1. The research gap 19 a) The research gap in object and scope 19 b) The research gap in methodology 20 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCESS 21 2. Hypothesis development 27 a) Statistical Cost Accounting (SCA) model 28 b) Return on Assets (ROA) 30 c) The Gross Domestic Product growth annual (GDPg) 31 d) The growth rate of Total Assets (TAg) 31 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33 3. The Pooled OLS, Fixed and Random Effect Model 38 3.
Model Specification Test 41 3. The Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Model 42 3. Discussion 46 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATION 52 4. For Vietnamese commercial banks 52 4.
For the State Bank of Vietnam 56 CONCLUSIONS 58 REFERENCE 59 ABSTRACT The commercial banking sector plays a pivotal role in the economy, managing deposits and allocating credit across sectors (Mishkin, 2007; Fama, 1980). Effective asset and liability management is critical for banks to maximize profitability, especially during financial crises (Tektas et al. This involves balancing costs from liabilities, like client deposits, with income from assets such as loans. Strategic asset and liability management is essential for banking harmony, performance enhancement, and profit maximization (Lileikienė, 2008).
Bank profitability is crucial for both individual institutions and the overall sector health (Onaolapo & Adegoke, 2020; Tee, 2017; Belete, 2013). Shrestha (2016) emphasizes profitability's dual role in fostering competition and stability while cautioning against potential market distortions. Asset- liability management stands out as a significant determinant among various factors influencing profitability. Currently, banks in Vietnam have established comprehensive systems of policies, procedures, guidelines, and limits to identify, measure, monitor, and control risks in accordance with international frameworks such as Basel II and towards meeting Basel III requirements, as well as complying with State Bank of Vietnam regulations outlined in Circular 13/2018/TT-NHNN.
Specific timely actions such as implementing risk management tools, setting limits on interest rate risk on bank books in governance activities, and considering the economic value of shareholders' equity, as well as utilizing appropriate derivative instruments to mitigate the negative impact of interest rate fluctuations, are being actively pursued by banks. This study investigates the potential relationship between ALM practices and banks' profitability. It focuses on 18 listed Vietnam commercial banks in HOSE from 2013 to 2023. The analysis measure profitability by ROE that reveals a positive correlation between bank asset management and profitability, whereas liability management shows a negative influence.
Descriptive analysis provides insights into the sample, while the GLS regression method is employed to address any issues identified in model suitability. Overall, the empirical findings contribute valuable insights into the interplay between profitability and ALM, considering both bank-specific factors and macroeconomic variables. These findings are pertinent for internal management, aiding in the development and enhancement of operational efficiency, and informing future adoption of Basel II, III frameworks, and compliance with Circular 13/2018/TT-NHNN. LIST OF ACRONYMS Abbreviations Definition ALM Asset-Liability Management CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio HOSE Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange GDP Gross Domestic Product FEM Fixed Effects Model OLS Ordinary Least Squares REM Random Effects Model ROA Return on Assets SBV State Bank of Vietnam SCA Statistical Cost Accounting model SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises LIST OF TABLES No.
Table Title Figure 1 Research process Table 1 List of commercial banks in sample Table 2 Variables description Table 3 Descriptive statistics Table 4 Pearson's correlation test Table 5 Variance Inflation Factor test Table 6 The Pooled OLS, Fixed and Random Effect Regression Model Table 7 Breusch & Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects Table 8 Hausman test Table 9 Modified Wald test for groupwise heteroskedasticity in fixed effect regression model Table 10 Wooldridge test for autocorrelation in panel data Table 11 Cross-sectional time-series FGLS regression Table 12 Variables description & Results relationship with profitability INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the thesis The commercial banking sector plays a crucial role in the economy by managing deposits and allocating credit across different sectors. Mishkin (2007) outlines how commercial banks offer a range of banking services and raise funds through various deposit types. Fama (1980) describes banks' fundamental function of accepting deposits as liabilities and extending loans as assets.
These liabilities mainly include current, savings, and fixed deposits, along with shareholder equity, while assets consist of investments, loans, and advances. Effective asset and liability management is crucial for banks to maximize profitability, especially during financial crises Tektas et al. This management involves balancing costs incurred on liabilities, such as client deposits, with income generated from assets, like loans. Key objectives for banks include profit maximization, risk mitigation, liquidity and capital adequacy, and market share expansion.
However, challenges arise from liquidity issues with credit assets during economic downturns and pressures from competition and fluctuating interest and exchange rates. Strategic asset and liability management, as advocated by Lileikienė (2008), is essential for achieving banking harmony, enhancing performance, and realizing profit maximization and desired liquidity preferences. Commercial banks play a crucial role in the economic development of nations, acting as catalysts for growth by fostering saving habits and mobilizing funds from households and businesses across wide geographical regions (Ayadi et al. These funds are directed towards productive endeavors in agriculture, industry, and trade, driving economic expansion.
Challenges within the banking system can significantly impact a nation's economic health and stability. Thorough evaluation of banks' performance is essential to maintain a robust financial system and promote efficiency within the economy (Gupta, 2014). Understanding these dynamics is crucial for stakeholders like central banks, governments, and financial authorities, as it aids in formulating policies to enhance the financial performance of the banking sector, thus contributing to overall economic advancement. Key metrics for analysis include profitability, growth, and liquidity, with profitability being particularly important for the smooth functioning of the financial system (Tektas et al.
The profitability and performance of commercial banks are vital indicators not only for individual institutions but also for the overall health and growth of the banking sector. Scholars and practitioners have extensively studied the complex dynamics underlying bank profitability, considering both internal and external factors. Onaolapo 1 & Adegoke (2020) highlights profitability as a central component of performance, intertwined with factors like capital structure and credit risk. Tee (2017) and Belete (2013) discuss internal and external determinants, such as asset-liability management culture and macroeconomic indicators.
Shrestha (2016) examines micro and macro- level implications, emphasizing profitability's dual role in fostering competition and stability while cautioning against excessive profitability's potential market distortions. While these studies share a focus on profitability, they differ in emphasis, enriching our understanding of bank profitability and performance dynamics. Among the myriad factors influencing profitability, asset-liability management stands out as a significant determinant. Asset-Liability Management is crucial in banking for managing risks associated with assets and liabilities.
Scholars like Nasif & Shubiri (2010), Onaolapo & Adegoke (2020), Tee (2017), Belete (2013), and Shrestha (2016) highlight its importance in achieving financial goals, particularly optimizing net interest income (NII). ALM involves planning, organizing, and controlling assets and liabilities to mitigate risks related to liquidity, interest rates, and market fluctuations. Scholars distinguish between defensive and aggressive ALM approaches, with defensive control focusing on stability and aggressive control aiming to maximize net interest margin. ALM is seen as a dynamic process, requiring adaptation to changing market conditions and integrating risk management beyond interest rate fluctuations.
Challenges in ALM implementation include the need for understanding ALM concepts, robust information systems development, and effective decision-making processes led by Asset Liability Committees (ALCOs). Quantifying, assessing, and managing various risk categories are crucial for successful ALM practices. The influence of ALM on bank profitability has been extensively explored in various countries, as evidenced by a series of studies analyzed in this review. Nasif & Shubiri (2010) demonstrated in their study in Jordan the significant positive relationship between internal ALM factors and bank profitability, emphasizing the role of asset and liability management in influencing operating income.
Similarly, Najimi et al. (2022) highlighted the importance of incorporating macroeconomic factors in understanding ALM dynamics and profitability, particularly in the case of Afghanistan. Gessesow & Venkateswarlu (2023) further emphasized the direct influence of ALM on bank performance, particularly in Ethiopia, where effective management of assets and liabilities played a crucial role in enhancing profitability. In Nigeria, Onaolapo & Adegoke (2020) identified both positive and negative effects of ALM on profitability, underscoring the interconnectedness of internal and external factors, while Njogo & Ohiaeri Nomisakin (2014) found a positive influence of ALM on Nigerian banks' 2 performance, reinforcing the importance of effective asset and liability management strategies in enhancing bank profitability across diverse geographical and institutional settings.
Tee (2017) focused on Ghana's banking sector, revealing complexities in the relationship between ALM and profitability, especially concerning macroeconomic variables. Similarly, Belete (2013) provided insights into the Ethiopian banking sector, highlighting the significance of specific asset and liability categories in influencing profitability. Shrestha (2016) explored the Nepalese context, uncovering positive relationships between certain assets and profitability. The empirical examination of ALM in developing Southeast Asian economies like Vietnam is notably limited, unlike in developed economies.
Consequently, research findings from other countries may not be readily applicable to Vietnam due to disparities in economic structure and policies. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate the specific influence of asset liability management on the profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam. Objectives of the thesis - Firstly, analyzing the theoretical framework overview of the influence of asset- liability management on bank profitability. - Secondly, identify the influence of asset-liability management, and assess the degree/mechanism to which these elements influence the banks' profitability in Vietnam.
- Thirdly, propose internal management recommendations aimed at enhancing banks' profitability 3. Research object and scope - Research object: The influence of asset-liability management on banks’ profitability of Vietnam listed commercial banks - Research scope: + In terms of space: 18 Vietnam listed commercial banks in HOSE + In terms of time: Annual data from 2013 to 2023 4. Research methodology - Topic selection: The author reviews the global banking system, with a focus on Vietnam, to formulate a research topic: "The influence of asset-liability management on banks’ profitability of Vietnam listed commercial banks.