VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI HANH MAI SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTY RESPONSE TO DROUGHT EFFECTS UNDER LAND-USE CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MASTER’S THESIS LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI HANH MAI SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTY RESPONSE TO DROUGHT EFFECTS UNDER LAND-USE CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. HOANG THI THU DUYEN Hanoi, 2020 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of results of other research and other documents must comply with regulations. The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis.
Author of the thesis Bui Hanh Mai LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES. i LIST OF FIGURES. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 Background and motivation of the study .3 Drought in the world .4 Drought in Vietnam .5 Impact of drought and land use change on soil properties .1 Impacts of drought on soil microbial activities and biochemical properties .2 Impacts of land use change on soil microbial activities and biochemical properties .6 Objects and scope of the research .7 Research questions and hypothesis .2 Remote sensing data .2 Methods of identifying and calculating drought indicators.3 Soil sampling and processing .5 Determination of MBC and MBN .6 Identification of microbial basal respiration.
25 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Land use and land cover maps .2 Drought progress characteristic .3 Basic soil properties. 30 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Land use and land cover maps .2 Drought progress characteristics .3 Soil properties and microbial activities. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .2 Recommendations for future research. 53 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
Land cover types description. Classification used for K indices. Methodologies to analyze soil physic-chemical properties. The basic properties of forest soil and pineapple soil.
30 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Drought concept relevant to climate change. Drought releases ecological and socio-economic impacts. Average monthly sunshine hours (2000 - 2019) in Quang Nam.
Average monthly temperature (2000 - 2019) in Quang Nam. Average monthly precipitation (2000 - 2019) in Quang Nam. Average monthly evaporation (2000 - 2019) in Quang Nam. Soil sampling locations at Phiem Ai Village, Dai Nghia Commune, Dai Loc District, Quang Nam Province.
Experiment setup for drought condition. Design experiment to analyze soil respiration. Land-use and land cover maps in Quang Nam (2003 – 2018). The total area of each type of land use and land cover in Quang Nam 2003 – 2018.
Drought frequency month during 2000 – 2019. K indices of mean drought months in dry season. K indices of drought months during dry season (2000 – 2019). MBC of forest soil and pineapple soil.
MBN of forest soil and pineapple soil. MBC:MBN ratio of two soil types and three treatments. The ratios of MBC to SOC and MBN to TN of both soils. The microbial basal respiration in the difference soil moistures of both soil.
The amount of CO2 after three periods incubators at three treatments. The correlation between MBN and soil respiration of forest soil in incubated with 10% WHC. 36 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA One-way analysis of variance C Carbon ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation Gt Gigaton IMHEN Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change IPCC International Panel on Climate Change MBC Microbial biomass carbon MBN Microbial biomass nitrogen MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer N Nitrogen SOC Soil organic carbon SOM Soil organic matter TC Total carbon TN Total nitrogen WHC Water holding capacity iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT To complete this thesis, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the lecturers and staff of Program of Climate Change and Development, Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, and other lecturers and students of Soil Sciences Department of Vietnam National University of who guided and facilitated me to complete my thesis on time. I would like to express my deepest and most sincere thanks to my supervisor - Dr.
Hoang Thi Thu Duyen, advisor - Dr. Kotera Akihiko, Prof. Phan Van Tan and Dr. Nguyen Van Quang - Lecturers of Climate Change and Development program, Vietnam Japan University, VNU for their dedication and valuable comments on thesis.
In addition, the research has also received support and help from leaders and staff of Quang Nam Crop Production and Plant Protection Subdepartment and Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Dai Loc District so that I could collect information related to the thesis. Last but not least, the author also appreciates financial support of VNU project (code QG. 1086/QĐ-ĐHQGHN), without this support the implementation is impossible. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents and friends as a gesture of my thanks for their constant support and belief in me.
iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Background and motivation of the study Climate change is a natural process but it is boosted by anthropogenic activities (IPCC, 2012) and the rapid increases in CO2 concentrations over the last few centuries, which leads to a series of unpredictable weather events. Drought/severe drought is one of the consequences of climate change, which is projected to increase unprecedentedly in prone areas (IPCC, 2019). The world temperature is supposed to increase over 1.5 to 2 oC in the period of 2081 to 2100 (Collins et al. Each increase of atmospheric temperature results in 7% increase of atmospheric moisture holding capacity (Sun et al.
Therefore, precipitation becomes more condensed, and hence, prolonged dry season over a year. In drought-sensitive areas, such as the Mediterranean, north-eastern Asia, West Asia, many regions of South America and the majority of Africa (IPCC, 2019), global warming exacerbates drought severity by accelerating evaporation, enhancing shortage of soil moisture (Figure 1. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Drought concept relevant to climate change.
Drought releases ecological and socio-economic impacts (Wilhite, 2000) Excessive extraction of surface and underground water under drought context for agricultural production will proceed desertification in cultivated areas. As a consequence, land-use change occurs in response to the high demand for expanded cropland due to population growth, and the reduction of soil moisture and quality. During 1990 – 2005, 13 million hectares forest destroyed per year (FAO, 2006) to convert from forest land to cropland, which reduces soil C sequestration and a rapid biomass C loss, releasing up to 180 – 200 Pg (pentagrams) C emissions in the last two centuries (Ramesh et al. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Land-use change, as well as drought, have an impact on the biochemical properties of the soil.
Increasing frequency, intensity and timing of drought is predicted to lead to reduce the functions of microorganism, which is essential of ecosystem sustainability (McHugh et al. Moreover, the structure of the soil microorganisms is greatly influenced by land use, land cover, and agricultural activities. Those factors impact on SOM and lead to regulating the microbial structure appropriately (Moon et al., 2016; Bissett et al. Thus, it could impact on soil microbial biomass and the usage C efficiency of microorganism (Bauhus et al.
Terrestrial plants are the main sources of soil organic matter (SOM) which retains moisture in different soil horizons. However, during 20 years (1980 – 2000), more than 80% of newly cultivated land came from the intact and disturbed forests (Gibbs et al. Land conversion from forest to cultivated land reduces SOM content, leading to a decline in soil moisture content and lowering resistance and resilience capacity of the terrestrial ecosystem to drought impacts (de Vries et al. This land-use change also triggers potential drought events as the soil is over- exploited for intensive agricultural production, which causes exhaustion in soil nutrients, bio-balance and hence soil WHC.
In tropical dry land ecosystems, studies in land-use change under drought are still restricted when compared with the total coverage of wet ecosystems around the world (Ramesh et al. Therefore, the study “Soil biochemical property response to drought effects under the land-use change in the context of climate change” is conducted in Quang Nam, Vietnam to elucidate the relationship between abiotic factor (soil moisture) and biotic factor (microbial biomass and activity). During the period 1999 – 2018, Vietnam ranks 6th among 10 countries most affected by the extreme weather events in the table of Long-term Climate 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Risk Indices (CRI) (Eckstein et al., 2019), especially the increase of drought frequency causes negative impacts on the production activities of local people. Quang Nam, where is located in the South Central region with diverse terrain conditions and harsh climate, severely impacted by drought.
Due to drought in the Southern sub-regions and South Central are highly sensitive to ENSO (Le et al. According to the People's Committee of Quang Nam province (2010) and IMHEN (2009), the prolonged drought damaged, 4,841/44,500 hectares of summer-autumn rice in plain districts; 660 hectares of rice were lost due to saline intrusion. In addition, there are over 3,000 hectares of rice that cannot be sown due to aridity, along with 5,000 hectares of crops lacking irrigation water and nearly 5,000 people suffer from water shortages in the midland and mountainous districts of Quang Nam. From the beginning of the Summer-Autumn season in 2019, the weather was abnormal and the hot and sunny situation happened continuously and lasted for many days.
The storage capacity in many irrigation and hydropower reservoirs is only about 20 – 60% of the designed capacity, lower than the average many years. Many small reservoirs have dried up (EVN, 2019). This study was conducted to provide a general overview of the biochemical and microbiological activity of two different land-use types, namely forest and pineapple land in Quang Nam, under drought conditions. The findings will provide stakeholders in Quang Nam with scientific background for adaptation strategy to climate change while maintaining soil health.
Moreover, in order to mitigate the effect of climate change, the identification of management practices and appropriate land-use in each location is one of the necessary methods. Thus, this study performs with three main objectives: 1. To define areas under drought impacts in Quang Nam in recent years. 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
To demonstrate the effect of drought on microbial activities including microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN) and microbial community composition in different land-use. To evaluate nutrient mineralization under drought impacts in different land-use.2 Research framework Thesis is built around three main research objectives and follows an interdisciplinary approach using remote sensing, field methods, laboratory methods, and comprehensive analysis of collected data (Figure 1. The three main factors (drought, land-use change, soil microorganism activities) are closely intertwined. The first objective uses MODIS data, field-survey and drought indicess to estimate the change of land-use, especially forest land and cropland, as a basis for drought area, frequency, and severity drought identification.
The second and third objective involves laboratory methods to estimate microbial biomass and microbial respiration based on a commonly- applied approach used in global studies and their interaction with the changing of climate in Quang Nam. 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Climate change - Precipitation - Temperature - Wind Physical properties Bulk density Drought Soil texture Biological properties MBN and MBC Chemical properties pH Land-use Soil respiration Total Carbon change Total Nitrogen Impact Solutions Interaction Figure 1.3 Drought in the world As mention above, drought directly affects agriculture.