Some solutions to rehabilitate the stands of Castanopsis boisii Hickel et A. Camus forest in Hai Duong province Sturdent: Nguyen Minh Hien; Advisor: Bui The Doi 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my very great appreciation to Prof. Bui The Doi from Vietnam Forestry University, my research supervisor, and Dr. Nguyen Tuan Dung, my research co- supervisor, for their enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work.
Without his thoughtful, patient guidance through every step of my research, this thesis could not have been realized I would like to extend my thanks to Mr. Hoang Duc Luu, the Forest Management Committee of Hai Duong province for accepting the responsibility of my research in the location as well as for his useful and constructive recommendations on this project. Many other people have contributed to the success of this thesis but I would like to particularly thank my parents and classmates from K57-CTTT for their support. Last but not least this thesis could have never been complete without the support of Forest Resources and Environment Management Faculty of Vietnam National University of Forestry always encouraged me during the entire process of studying and doing research 2 ABSTRACT This study was conducted to provide several biological characteristics of Castanopsis boisii such as ability to provide high nutrient food.
Several methods have been used to do field work and data analysis. The basic data analysis indicated that Castanopsis boisii stand did not only help local people reduce poverty, increase their income and living condition, but also help improve the beauty and environmental value for regional landscape. According to the result analyses, I found several solutions to rehabilitate Castanopsis boisii species, followed by recommendations to effectively and sustainably develop this species in the study region. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ACRONYMS INTRODUCTION.
In The World. Characteristics of Castanopsis boisii. STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND METHODLOGY. STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES.
Secondary data collection. OVERVIEW OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL - ECONOMIC CONDITIONSS OF STUDY SITE. SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Characteristics of the study site. Characteristics of Castanopsis boisii stand. Distribution of mature tree layer bases on the height and diameter. Distribution of regenerated trees bases on the height.
Origin of regeneration. Castanopsis boisii stand value. Economic value of Castanopsis boisii forest in study site. Environment value and other value of Castanopsis boisii forest in study site.
Some solutions to rehabilitate Castanopsis boisii .1 Adjusting the canopy cover. Adjusting the distribution of regenerated trees. Maintaining the soil moisture. The impact depending on origin of regeneration.
GENERAL CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDY. 31 REFERENCES APPENDIX 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Weather data in Chi Linh Hydrometeorology forecast station (2014) .2: Characteristics of mature trees in study site .3: Standard deviation and coefficient of variation of H vn .4: Standard deviation and coefficient of variation of D 1.5: Distribution of regeneration plant bases on the height .6: Origin of regeneration trees in study site .7: Characteristics of shrub vegetation in study site .8: Necessary for coverage in each height levels.28 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Comparison precipitation and evaporation in Chi Linh 2014 .2: Distribution of mature tree layer bases on the height .3: Distribution of mature tree layer bases on diameter .4: The distribution of origin of regenerated trees in study site. 24 8 ACRONYMS Notation Description Hvn Height Hunder Height under canopy D1.3 Diameter at breast height D. Crown Crown diameter SE Standard Error SD Standard deviation S Coefficient of variation VNUF Vietnam National University Forestry BA1 Plot 1 at Bac An commune BA2 Plot 2 at Bac An commune HHT1 Plot 1 at Hoang Hoa Tham commune HHT2 Plot 2 at Hoang Hoa Tham commune 9 INTRODUCTION Forest is one of the most precious resources in Vietnam, have many benefits such as disaster prevention, ecological protection, and social economic development support.
Forests and forest land make up to ¾ of the total area of the country [6]. However, the quality and total area of forests have been declined significantly. The main causes of this decline are due to forest fires and human activities (i. slash and burn cultivation or over exploitation).
Hai Duong is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. The natural area of the province encloses 1661.2 km2, which is ranked 51st in the nation. Hai Duong shares its borders with six other provinces: Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, Quang Ninh in the north; Hung Yen in the west; Hai Phong in the East and Thai Ninh in the south. Hai Duong has the tropical monsoon climate with typically cold winter, potentially hot summer and high humidity throughout the year.
Two types of wind mainly come from the South East and the North East. The climate is divided into 4 distinct seasons. From early February to early April, Hai Duong has more rain due to the transition from dry season to rainy season. Rainy season lasts from April to October.
In Hai Duong, the annual average rainfall is from 1,300 to 1,700 mm; the average temperature is approximately 23.3 oC; and the relative humidity average is around 85 - 87%. Castanopsis boisii (Dẻ Ăn Quả) belongs to Fagaceae, a native species with many benefits such as wood for construction and furniture, In addition, it also provides high nutrient food. In Vietnam, Castanopsis boisii can be typically found in Quang Ninh, Nghe An, Bac Giang and Hai Duong. Hai Duong province has 11263.97 ha of forested area, in which protection forest accounts for 4683.74 ha, production forest accounts for 5036.95 ha, and special-use forest accounts for 1543.
Chi Linh commune has the largest area of Castanopsis boisii forest with more than 2000 ha which is mainly concentrated in Bac An and Hoang Hoa Tham communes. 1 Forest rehabilitation in Vietnam in general, and Castanopsis boisii rehabilitation in Hai Duong in particular, have drawn significant concern from the Government, MARD and local authority. This is mostly due to the economic and ecological values of Castanopsis boisii. It is one of the forest species that can be growth by high quantity and can provide high nutrient food.
It is also considered as a very promising tree species to support economic development and forest conservation in many regions in the country. In fact, local people are more focused on exploiting the benefits from Castanopsis boisii plantation forest, but have less concern on the future, regeneration and protection of this species. This leads to the current degradation of Castanopsis boisii forest and therefore, makes regenerating and developing Castanopsis boisii in forested land a critical issue. From these reasons, proposed study on “Some solutions to rehabilitate the stands of Castanopsis boisii Hickel et A.
Camus forest in Hai Duong province” has been chosen for thesis. I do hope to propose appropriate solutions for the mentioned issues 2 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. In The World The study of forest rehabilitation in the world has started early.W was the first author to study forest rehabilitation. According to his research regenerated species in each plot are distributed in cluster for rehabilitation.
Scientific research on forest rehabilitation has been more developed since 1950. For example, both researches from Barnard (1950) and Smith (1952) in Malaysia, and Lampreht in Venezuela (1954) indicated the need of using the existing vegetation with different side conditions to maintain the natural regeneration and additional planting to restore the forest structure similar to be the original structure. While other researches by Weidelt (1968) on the upland abandoned forests in Brazil indicated the development of secondary forests would move towards the initial condition of primary forest in the number of species and species composition. In 1975, Whitimore studied on development of secondary vegetation and found that the time needed to regenerate forests by seedling to reach to the initial state can take hundreds of years.
In 1996, Fedmaner found that the main factors affecting the process of forest rehabilitation are site conditions, component types and genetic resources. In Vietnam In Vietnam, study on forest rehabilitation started since 1950s. This study area continued to grow in 1961. During the 1990s, we saw more in depth studies on forest rehabilitation and forest succession in Vietnam.
In 1993, for solutions regarding rehabilitation of forest ecosystems exposed to Agent Orange in the Southern part of Vietnam, Thai Van Trung concluded that, it was needed to go through two steps for rehabilitating those forests. Planting species which have the ability to 3 synthesize natural nitrogen, and Cutting those planted species to regenerate by other species with more value and benefits.[9] Nguyen Ngoc Lung (1995) stated on his research that, effective rehabilitation depended on many factors such as site conditions, characteristics of that species and social economic conditions of that region.[5] Almost all studies have focused on understanding the law of succession process of forest rehabilitation. These results serve as scientific basis for solutions of forest rehabilitation. Characteristics of Castanopsis boisii 1.
Morphological characteristics Castanopsis boisii has the average height is 10 – 15 m and average diameter range of 30 – 40 cm. This species has straight and round stem. Bark is grey while, thick and fissure with some small vertical cracks. Young braches are smooth, while patches and long.
This species has mixed root system with tap roots and lateral roots are both well developed. Leaves are simple and alternate which are 9 – 16 cm in length and 4 – 7 cm in width. Leaf blade is narrowly elliptic to ovate – oblong or lanceolate – elliptic. Head of leaf is slightly pointed, asymmetric leaf blade.
Adaxial surface is dark green and smooth, abaxial surface has scales with color in light pink. Venation pinnate, lateral veins 10 – 14 pairs.8 cm in length and stipule present. Flowers are unisexual catkins. Male inflorescences are very slender, 5 – 12 cm in length, filament long, pedicel thin and hair, anther round.
Female inflorescences have hair, styles 3. Fruits are nuts within a cup. Each fruit usually has a single seed, dehiscent when mature. Seed is brown, hard shell and covered with yellowish hair, 1.2 cm in height, 0.0 cm in diameter.
The fruit is a calybium, the kind of encased nut typical of Fagaceae. The 4 calybium resembles a pointed acorn, the cupule is hard like that of beechnuts and spiny like that of chestnuts. Three thickened reidges run the length of the calybium’s shell. Ecological characteristics Castanopsis boisii flowers from September till November, fruit ripes from August to October of the following year, or one ripening in every two years.
According to Dang Ngoc Anh (1996), Castanopsis boisii starts flowering and seed harvesting in the ages of 4 to 5, age for stable seed harvesting starts from the age of 10 and lasts for 40-50 years, the more productive stage is between 20- 35 years old [1]. Castanopsis boisii is evergreen tree, lucipetal, growth and develop well on sandstone. This species naturally grow into populations in the hillside and foothills. Castanopsis boisii regenerates strongly on bare soil or under woodlands.
It is a pioneer tree species after clear cut (Le Mong Chan 2000; Nguyen Tien Ban 2003) [7]. 5 CHAPTER 2 STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND METHODLOGY 2. STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2. Goal Contributing some solutions to rehabilitate Castanopsis boisii in Hai Duong province for sustainable forest development.
Specific objectives Determining the characteristic of stands of Castanopsis boisii Hickel et A. Purposing some solutions to rehabilitate Castanopsis boisii in the study site. Secondary data collection Inheriting data from precious studies on natural condition, climate, hydrology, soil, natural resources, socio-economic condition of the study site. There are very useful information to suggest solutions for Castanopsis boisii rehabilitation.