cob19421_fm_i-xl.indd Page i 1/9/09 6:03:14 PM user-s198 /Users/user-s198/Desktop/Chandra_08_01_2009/MHBR104-03 second edition John w. Louis Community College at Florissant Valley cob19421_fm_i-xl.indd Page ii 1/9/09 6:03:29 PM user-s198 /Users/user-s198/Desktop/Chandra_08_01_2009/MHBR104-03 PRECALCULUS, SECOND EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 ISBN 978–0–07–351942–5 MHID 0–07–351942–1 ISBN 978–0–07–336086–7 (Annotated Instructor’s Edition) MHID 0–07–336086–4 Editorial Director: Stewart K.
Mattson Designer: Laurie B. Janssen Sponsoring Editor: Dawn R. Bercier Cover Designer: Christopher Reese Senior Developmental Editor: Michelle L. Flomenhoft (USE) Cover Image: © Georgette Douwma/Gettyimages Developmental Editor: Katie White Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C.
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A-12: © Photodisc/Getty Images/RF; pg. A-50: © Glen Allison/Getty Images/RF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coburn, John W. ISBN 978–0–07–351942–5—ISBN 0–07–351942–1 (hard copy : alk.com cob19421_fm_i-xl.indd Page iii 1/20/09 2:30:44 AM user /Users/user/Desktop/Temp Work/2008/DECEMBER/01-12-08/VGP_01_12_08/BACKUP Brief Contents Preface vi Index of Applications xxxv CHAPTER 1 Equations and Inequalities 1 C H A P T E R 2 Relations, Functions, and Graphs 83 C H A P T E R 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions 219 C H A P T E R 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 341 C H A P T E R 5 An Introduction to Trigonometric Functions 425 C H A P T E R 6 Trigonometric Identities, Inverses, and Equations 543 C H A P T E R 7 Applications of Trigonometry 633 C H A P T E R 8 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 719 C H A P T E R 9 Analytical Geometry and the Conic Sections 831 C H A P T E R 10 Additional Topics in Algebra 939 C H A P T E R 11 Bridges to Calculus: An Introduction to Limits 1023 Appendix I A Review of Basic Concepts and Skills A-1 Appendix II More on Synthetic Division A-54 Appendix III More on Matrices A-56 Appendix IV Deriving the Equation of a Conic A-58 Appendix V Selected Proofs A-60 Appendix VI Families of Polar Curves A-63 Student Answer Appendix (SE only) SA-1 Instructor Answer Appendix (AIE only) IA-1 Index I-1 Additional Topics Online (Visit www.7 Geometry Review with Unit Conversions R.8 Expressions, Tables and Graphing Calculators 5.0 An Introduction to Cycles and Periodic Functions 7.7 Complex Numbers in Exponential Form 7.8 Trigonometry, Complex Numbers and Cubic Equations 10.8 Conditional Probability and Expected Value 10.9 Probability and the Normal Curve with Applications 11.2B Properties of Limits with an Introduction to the Precise Definition iii cob19421_fm_i-xl.indd Page iv 1/20/09 12:59:52 AM user /Users/user/Desktop/Temp Work/2008/DECEMBER/01-12-08/VGP_01_12_08/BACKUP About the Author Background John Coburn grew up in the Hawaiian Islands, the seventh of sixteen children.
John’s mother and father were both teachers. John’s mother taught English and his father, as fate would have it, held advanced degrees in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Whereas John’s father was well known, well respected, and a talented mathematician, John had to work very hard to see the connections so necessary for success in mathematics. In many ways, his writing is born of this experience.
Education In 1979 John received a bachelor’s degree in education from the University of Hawaii. After working in the business world for a number of years, John returned to his first love by accepting a teaching position in high school mathematics and in 1987 was recognized as Teacher of the Year. Soon afterward John decided to seek a master’s degree, which he received two years later from the University of Oklahoma. Teaching Experience John is now a full professor at the Florissant Valley campus of St.
Louis Community College where he has taught mathematics for the last eighteen years. During h time there he has received numerous nominations as an his o outstanding teacher by the local chapter of Phi Theta Kappa, a was recognized as Post-Secondary Teacher of the Year and i 2004 by Mathematics Educators of Greater St. John is a member of the following organizations: N National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), M Missouri Council of Teachers of Mathematics (MCTM), M Mathematics Educators of Greater Saint Louis (MEGSL), A American Mathematical Association of two Year Colleges ( (AMATYC), Missouri Mathematical Association of two Y Colleges (MoMATYC), Missouri Community College Year A Association (MCCA), and Mathematics Association of A America (MAA). Personal Interests Some of John’s other interests include body surfing, snorkeling, and beach combing whenever he gets the chance.
In addition, John’s loves include his family, music, athletics, games, and all things beautiful. John hopes that this love of life comes through in the writing, and serves to make the learning experience an interesting and engaging one for all students. Dedication To my wife and best friend Helen, whose love, support, and willingness to sacrifice never faltered. iv cob19421_fm_i-xl.indd Page v 1/9/09 6:03:48 PM user-s198 /Users/user-s198/Desktop/Chandra_08_01_2009/MHBR104-03 About the Cover Coral reefs support an extraordinary biodiversity as they C aare home to over 4000 species of tropical or reef fish.
In addition, coral reefs are iimmensely beneficial to humans; buffering coastal regions from strong waves and sstorms, providing millions of people with food and jobs, and prompting advances iin modern medicine. Similar to a reef, a precalculus course is unique because of its diverse population oof students. Nearly every major is represented in this course, featuring students wwith a wide range of backgrounds and skill sets. Just like the variety of the fish in tthe sea rely on the coral reefs to survive, the assortment of students in precalculus rrely on succeeding in this course in order to further pursue their degree, as well as ttheir career goals.
From the Author directio ns. This is t is the res ult of a mig hty con flue nce of needs, idea s, desires, and This tex ion. the inte nde d aud ienc e is one of the most dive rse in all of edu cat easily und ers tan dable, as pre par atio n, e to us wit h a wid e ran ge of bac kgr oun ds, var ying deg ree s of Ou r stu den ts com ses incl ude those t leve ls tha t var y fro m apa thy to exc item ent. In add itio n, our clas and inte res fut ure eng inee rs and onl y a gen era l edu cat ion req uiremen t, as wel l as our cou ntr y’s wou ld nee ding nee ds of so dive rse a pop ulat ion ate st cha llen ge is mee ting the scie ntis ts.
To say our gre cam e to min d, men t. In ref lect ing on this dive rsit y, the ima ge of a cor al ree f be an und ers tate pop ulat ion, wit h str uck by the str eng th of the ana logy. We hav e a hug ely dive rse and I was on the ree f for the ir f as a com mo n mee ting pla ce, wit h all the inh abitant s dep end ing the ree n. pur pose, nou rishmen t, and directio experiences for this cou rse has bee n one of the most daunting and cha llenging Wr iting a text that most text s on g bef ore I beg an, my tea chin g exp erience left a nagging sense in my life.
Lon addition, they app ear ed t lack ed the abil ity to con nec t wit h so diverse an audience. In the ma rke nections, mew ork to buil d con cep ts, too terse a dev elopmen t to ma ke con to off er too sca nt a fra foster a love of sup por t in the ir exe rcis e set s to dev elop long-ter m retention or and insu fficient , cur ious interest,. In par ticu lar, the app lica tion s seemed to lack a sense of rea lism mathematics everyday exp erience. and/or connections to a studen t’s te a bet ter text, I set about the task of min d and a stro ng des ire to wri Wit h all of this in re sup por tive hop ed wou ld bec om e a mo re eng aging tool for studen ts, and a mo creating what I erie nce, and an ear ly ruc tor s.
Dra win g on the dive rsit y of my own edu cat iona l exp too l for inst con trib ute d to the tex t’s re to diff ere nt cult ure s, view s, and per spectiv es, I beli eve has diverse exp osu mo re and bet ter connections wit h our le, and I hop e in the end , to unique and engaging sty ers, foc us fee dba ck fro m mo re tha n 400 peo ple, incl uding ma nuscrip t rev iew aud ienc e. Hav ing con nec tion s in the pan ts, and con trib uto rs, was inva luable to help ing me hon e the gro up par tici res t wth of this exp erie nce , I adm it the re was also a desire to inte boo k.