ru FIFTH EDITION 5A Focus on Grammar Jay Maurer www.ru Focus on Grammar 5A: An Integrated Skills Approach, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2006, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Pearson Education, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030 Staff credits: The people who made up the Focus on Grammar 5A, Fifth Edition team, representing content creation, design, manufacturing, marketing, multimedia, project management, publishing, rights management, and testing, are Pietro Alongi, Rhea Banker, Elizabeth Barker, Stephanie Bullard, Jennifer Castro, Tracey Cataldo, Aerin Csigay, Mindy DePalma, Dave Dickey, Warren Fischbach, Pam Fishman, Nancy Flaggman, Lester Holmes, Gosia Jaros-White, Leslie Johnson, Barry Katzen, Amy McCormick, Julie Molnar, Brian Panker, Stuart Radcliffe, Jennifer Raspiller, Lindsay Richman, Robert Ruvo, Alexandra Suarez, Paula Van Ells, and Joseph Vella.
Text design and layout: Don Williams Composition: Page Designs International Project supervision: Bernard Seal Contributing editors: Julie Schmidt and Bernard Seal Cover image: Andy Roberts/Getty Images Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for the print edition is available f rom the Library of Congress. Printed in Perú by Gráfica Biblos 09/18 ISBN: 9780135267844 www.ru Contents Welcome to Focus on Grammar v The Focus on Grammar Unit viii Scope and Sequence xiv About the Author xxvi Acknowledgments xxvii Reviewers xxviii Credits xxix PART 1 Present, Past, and Future 2 UNIT 1 Present Time 4 UNIT 2 Past Time 18 UNIT 3 Future Time 35 PART 2 Modals and Other Auxiliaries 50 UNIT 4 Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity 52 UNIT 5 Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty 69 PART 3 Passive Voice 84 UNIT 6 Passives: Part 1 86 UNIT 7 Passives: Part 2 105 iii www.ru WELCOME TO FIFTH EDITION BUILDING ON THE SUCCESS of previous editions, Focus on Grammar continues to provide an integrated-skills approach to engage students and help them understand, practice, and use English grammar. Centered on thematic instruction, Focus on Grammar combines comprehensive grammar coverage with abundant practice, critical thinking skills, and ongoing assessment, helping students accomplish their goals of communicating con±dently, accurately, and ²uently in everyday situations. New in the Fifth Edition New and Updated Content Focus on Grammar continues to o³er engaging and motivating content that appeals to learners from various cultural backgrounds.
Many readings and activities have been replaced or updated to include topics that are of high interest to today’s learners. Updated Charts and Redesigned Notes Clear, corpus-informed grammar presentations re²ect real and natural language usage and allow students to grasp the most important aspects of the grammar. Clear signposting draws attention to common usage, the di³erence between written and spoken registers, and common errors. Additional Communicative Activities The new edition of Focus on Grammar has been expanded with additional communicative activities that encourage collaboration and the application of the target grammar in a variety of settings.
Expanded Writing Practice Each unit in Focus on Grammar now ends with a structured “From Grammar to Writing” section. Supported by pre-writing and editing tasks, students engage in activities that allow them to apply the target grammar in writing. New Assessment Program The new edition of Focus on Grammar features a variety of new assessment tools, including course diagnostic tests, formative and summative assessments, and a ²exible gradebook. The assessments are closely aligned with unit learning outcomes to inform instruction and measure student progress.
Revised MyEnglishLab The updated MyEnglishLab o³ers students engaging practice and video grammar presentations anywhere, anytime. Immediate feedback and remediation tasks o³er additional opportunities for successful mastery of content and help promote accuracy. Instructors receive instant access to digital content and diagnostic tools that allow them to customize the learning environment to meet the needs of their students. Welcome to Focus on Grammar v www.ru The Focus on Grammar Approach At the heart of the Focus on Grammar series is its unique and successful four-step approach that lets learners move from comprehension to communication within a clear and consistent structure.
The books provide an abundance of sca³olded exercises to bridge the gap between identifying grammatical structures and using them with con±dence and accuracy. The integration of the four skills allows students to learn grammar holistically, which in turn prepares them to understand and use English more e³ectively. STEP 1: Grammar in Context integrates grammar and vocabulary in natural contexts such as articles, stories, dialogues, and blog posts. Students engage with the unit reading and theme and get exposure to grammar as it is used in real life.
STEP 2: Grammar Presentation presents the structures in clear and accessible grammar charts and notes with multiple examples of form and meaning. Corpus-informed explanations and examples re²ect natural usage of the target forms, di³erentiate between written and conversational registers whenever appropriate, and highlight common errors to help students avoid typical pitfalls in both speaking and writing. STEP 3: Focused Practice provides numerous and varied contextualized exercises for both the form and meaning of the new structures. Controlled practice ensures students’ understanding of the target grammar and leads to mastery of form, meaning, and use.
STEP 4: Communication Practice provides practice with the structures in listening exercises as well as in communicative, open-ended speaking activities. These engaging activities provide ample opportunities for personalization and build students’ con±dence in using English. Students also develop their critical thinking skills through problem-solving activities and discussions. Each unit now culminates with the From Grammar to Writing section.
Students learn about common errors in writing and how to recognize them in their own work. Engaging and motivating writing activities encourage students to apply grammar in writing through structured tasks f rom pre-writing to editing. Recycling Underpinning the scope and sequence of the Focus on Grammar series is practice that allows students to use target structures and vocabulary many times, in di³erent contexts. New grammar and vocabulary are recycled throughout the book.
Students have maximum exposure, leading them to become con±dent in using the language in speech and in writing. Assessment Extensive testing informs instruction and allows teachers and students to measure progress. • Unit Reviews at the end of every unit assess students’ understanding of the grammar and allow students to monitor their own progress. • Diagnostic Tests provide teachers with a valid and reliable means to determine how well students know the material they are going to study and to target instruction based on students’ needs.
• Unit Review Tests, Mid- and End-of-Term Review Tests, and Final Exams measure students’ ability to demonstrate mastery of skills taught in the course. • The Placement Test is designed to help teachers place students into one of the ±ve levels of the Focus on Grammar course. vi Welcome to Focus on Grammar www.ru The Importance of Context A key element of Focus on Grammar is presenting important grammatical structures in context. The contexts selected are most relevant to the grammatical forms being introduced.
Contextualized grammar practice also plays a key role in improving ²uent use of grammar in communicative contexts. It helps learners to develop consistent and correct usage of target structures during all productive practice. The Role of Corpus The most important goal of Focus on Grammar has always been to present grammar structures using natural language. To that end, Focus on Grammar has incorporated the ±ndings of corpus linguistics,* while never losing sight of what is pedagogically sound and useful.
By taking this approach, Focus on Grammar ensures that: • the language presented re²ects real, natural usage • themes and topics provide a good ±t with the grammar point and elicit the target grammar naturally • ±ndings of the corpus research are re²ected in the syllabus, readings, charts, grammar notes, and practice activities • examples illustrate di³erences between spoken and written registers, and formal and informal language • students are exposed to common errors in usage and learn how to recognize and avoid errors in their own speech and writing Focus on Grammar Efficacy The ±fth edition of Focus on Grammar re²ects an important e´cacy initiative for Pearson courses—to be able to demonstrate that all teaching materials have a positive impact on student learning. To support this, Focus on Grammar has been updated and aligned to the Global Scale of English and the Common European Framework (CEFR) to provide granular insight into the objectives of the course, the progression of learning, and the expected outcomes a learner will be able to demonstrate upon successful completion. To learn more about the Global Scale of English, visit www. Components Student Books with Essential Online Resources include access codes to the course audio, video, and self-assessment.
Student Books with MyEnglishLab o³er a blended approach with integration of print and online content. Workbooks contain additional contextualized practice in print format. Digital Teacher’s Resources include printable teaching notes, GSE mapping documents, answer keys, audio scripts, and downloadable tests. Access to the digital copy of the student books allows teachers to project the pages for whole-class instruction.
FOG Go app allows users to access the student book audio on their mobile devices. * A principal resource has been Douglas Biber et al, Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Welcome to Focus on Grammar vii www.ru Focus on Grammar introduces grammar structures in the context of uni±ed themes. All units follow a four-step approach, taking learners f rom grammar in context to communicative practice.
Thematic units add a layer to learning so that by the end of the unit students will be able to discuss the content using the grammar points they have just studied. STEP 1 GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT Before You Read activities create interest and elicit students’ knowledge about the topic. Vocabulary exercises help students improve their command of English. Engaging, high-interest readings in a variety of genres present the target structures in Comprehension and Discussion natural and realistic contexts.
As students activities focus on the meaning read, they encounter the form, meaning, and of the text and draw students’ NEW! use of the grammar. attention to the target structures. viii The Focus on Grammar Unit www.ru STEP 2 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION Grammar Charts present the structures in a clear, easy-to-read format. NEW! The newly designed Grammar Notes highlight the main point of each note, making navigation and review easier.
Simple corpus-informedexplanations and examples ensure students’ understanding. NEW! Clear signposting provides corpus- informed notes about common usage, differences between spoken and written registers, and common errors. Pronunciation Notes are now included with the grammar presentation to highlight NEW! relevant pronunciation aspects of the target structures and to help students understand authentic spoken English. The Focus on Grammar Unit ix www.ru STEP 3 FOCUSED PRACTICE Controlled practice activities lead students to master form, meaning, and use of the target grammar.
Discover the Grammar activities develop students’ recognition and understanding of the target structures before they are asked to produce them. A variety of exercise types engage students and guide them from recognition and understanding to accurate production of the grammar structures. Editing exercises allow students to identify and correct typical mistakes. x The Focus on Grammar Unit www.ru STEP 4 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE Listenings in a variety of genres allow students to hear the grammar in natural contexts.
Engaging communicative activities (conversations, discussions, presentations, surveys, and games) help students synthesize the grammar, develop fluency, and build their problem-solving skills. In the listening activities, students new practice a range of listening skills. A step has been added in which partners complete an activity that relates to the NEW! listening and uses the target grammar. The Focus on Grammar Unit xi www.ru FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING A From Grammar to Writing section, now in every unit, helps students to confidently NEW! apply the unit’s grammar to their own writing.
The Before You Write task helps students generate ideas for their writing assignment. In the Write task, students are given a writing assignment and guided to use the target grammar and avoid common errors.