VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES BUI THI NGA COHESIVE DEVICES IN READING TEXTS IN THE BOOK “TIENG ANH 12 - BAN CO BAN" (Phương tiện liên kết trong các bài đọc trong sách giáo khoa Tiếng Anh 12 — Ban co ban) M. MINOR ‘THESIS Field: Linguistics Cade: 60 2215 HANOI, 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES BUI THI NGA COHESIVE DEVICES IN READING TEXTS IN THE BOOK “TIENG ANH 12 - BAN CO BAN" (Phương tiện liên kết trong các bài đọc trong sách giáo khoa Tiếng Anh 12 — Ban co ban) M. MINOR ‘THESIS Kicld: Linguistics Code: 60 2215 Supervisor: Nguyén Thuy Phuong Lan, M.A HA NOI, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration page i Aoknowdei ii Abstract. HH1 t Hy gu eererasesirsseelll "ma e4.
vi Lisl of tables and charts, vii PART A. Rational, HH thiet ne 1 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Scope of the study - - - a 4.
Significance of the study. Mathod of the study 3 ® 'ẻ n6. - - - 4 CHAPTER 1b: LITERATURE REPHIW - - wd LI. The concept of discourse 1.
Discourse and text. Spoken and written discourse 1. Context in discourse analysis .1, Context of situation 8 1.2, Context of culture. Register and genre in discourse analysis.1, Definition of cohesion.
Aspects of cohesion. Types of coheison. Texthonk and the hook for grade 12 in gerneral _— Fiemam 1 CHAPTER3: FINDINGS AND DiSCUSSION. Temporal conjunction 24 -8- Tahle 1.2: Grammailcal and lexfcal cnhesian 1.
Reference Reference, in Halliday and Hasan’s viewpoint, can be accounted as “exophoric” or “endophoric” functions 1. Substitution Halliday and Hasan (1976:89) classify substitution into 3 types: nominal, verbal and clausal. Most of the substitutes are pro-forms within sentences, which are used across SGTICH In specific words, substitutes inay be pro-fDmns for adverbials, pro-fonms [or predicate and predication, and also pro-forms for the direct object clause. According to Talliday and Ilasan (1976: 91), nontinal substitution includes “one”, “ones”, “same”, verbal substitution consists of “do”, and clausal substitutes arc “so”, “not”.3, Ellipsis Hasan’s viewpoint (1976:146), ellipsis is divided into three subtypes, namely, xominaf ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.
Conjunction There are four types of conjunction: Additive , Adversative, Causal , Temporal 1. Reiteration Roileration, according lo Halliday and Hasan (1976: 318) is “the repetition of a lexical ilem, or the occurrence ofa synonym of some kind, in the context of reference; that is, where the two occurences have the same referent.” Reiteration involves repetition, synonyms and near synonms, super-ordinates, and general words (ibid: 278) 1. Collocation Tn terms of structurs, there aro two types of collocation: grammatical collocation and lexical coflecation (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:284). Textbook and the book for grade 12 in general throughout Vietnam The syllabus for “Tiéng Anh 12” is the continuation of the textbook for grade 10 and 11 The book is designcd under theme-based approach with 16 units.
There arc 5 parts in cach unit, Each partis carried out in a period of forty-five minutes. They are arranged as follows: A. Language Focus Reading is the beginning part of each unit, Each reading passage is about 300 words in length, -1- PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Tracing back to thesc two national examinations recently, the high occurrence proportion of cohesive devices can not be denied.
Moreover, on the process of mastering language in general, English in particular, to Vietnamese secondary sludents, reading is seen as the crucial tool that aids the learning of the other skills. However, during my process of teaching high school students, 1 come to realize that one of the foremost reasons for which students often make errors at sentence and discourse levels is due to their inattention to the cohesive devices used in the context of texls. Apart from a varicty of mentioned things, many people have done researches on linguistics and discourse analysis; yet, no suggestions have been given to high school teachers and students so that they can do tasks relating to cohesion morc suc fully 2, Aims of the study ‘The study aims to ~ describe and analyze lexical and grammatical cohesive devices in the now English textbook 12 - give some suggestions for teaching reading skill for 11" grade students The following arch questions are raised for exploration while carrying oul the sludy: 1. What are the cohesive devices used in the textbook “Tieng Anh 12 Ban Co Ban” for grade - 12 snadents general throughout Vieriam? 2.
How can the findings help teachers and their students in the teaching and learning the textbook for grade 12 students? 3. Scope of the study Within the limited time and knowledge, only grammatical and lexical cohesion in the textbook “Tiếng Anh 12” for grade - 12 studcnts general throughout Victam edited by Hoang, V.V et al (2010), Education Publication House are observed. Significance of the stuily > Theoretical significance: It is hoped to prove the existing ideas on cohesion to satisfy the individual’s question and, to some extent, hopefully to open a new way of revising and proparing for candidates of ths GCSE cxamination amd the ontranes examination to universily. > Practical significance: This research gives out some practical applications, such as combining linguistic theory and practice in analyzing written Linglish discourses in the Troscarchcd IcxIbook.
Method of the study CHAPTER 2: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF TEXTBOOK OBSERVATION 2. Anaphoric reference Anaphoric reference means referring to backwards, In this study, reference takes up 357 items. ‘The table below summarizes different pattems of reference in reading texts in the book Anaphorie rel Number of items | Percentage (%)_| Yolal number Definite article 166 46.09 Demonstrative pronoun 2 616 Comparaive adjective 8 2.12 Companaive adverb 3 084 Table 2.1: Different types of reference words for ananhorlc tles 2.2, Cataphoric reference In spite of a small part in inferential ties, cataphoric is proved to be quite necessary to vary the dircetion of reference and contribute to the cohesion of the text. The percentage of different types of reference words for cataphoric ties is illustrated in the table below Calaphoric reference | Numberolilems Percentage (%) | Total number Definite article 82 59.39 ‘Comparative adverb 1 293 Demonstrative adverb 3 21 Demonstrative pronomn 3 Z1 Personal pronoun 1 073 Personal determiner 1 073 Table 2.2: Different types of reference words for cataphoric fies 2.
Exephoric reference Exophoric reference | Number ofitems Percentage (%) | Total number Personal pronoun 75 45.72 164 Definite aticle sp 35.42 Comparative adjective | 7 427 Demonstrative adverb |1 0.61 Demonstrative pronoun | 0 9 Comparaive adverb v 9 Table 2.3: Different types of reference words for exophoric ties 2. Conjunetions There are 315 items of conjunctions in total throughout the observed book. The following chart presents the occurrence ñcguney of thesc mu types CHAPTER 2: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF TEXTBOOK OBSERVATION 2. Anaphoric reference Anaphoric reference means referring to backwards, In this study, reference takes up 357 items.
‘The table below summarizes different pattems of reference in reading texts in the book Anaphorie rel Number of items | Percentage (%)_| Yolal number Definite article 166 46.09 Demonstrative pronoun 2 616 Comparaive adjective 8 2.12 Companaive adverb 3 084 Table 2.1: Different types of reference words for ananhorlc tles 2.2, Cataphoric reference In spite of a small part in inferential ties, cataphoric is proved to be quite necessary to vary the dircetion of reference and contribute to the cohesion of the text. The percentage of different types of reference words for cataphoric ties is illustrated in the table below Calaphoric reference | Numberolilems Percentage (%) | Total number Definite article 82 59.39 ‘Comparative adverb 1 293 Demonstrative adverb 3 21 Demonstrative pronomn 3 Z1 Personal pronoun 1 073 Personal determiner 1 073 Table 2.2: Different types of reference words for cataphoric fies 2. Exephoric reference Exophoric reference | Number ofitems Percentage (%) | Total number Personal pronoun 75 45.72 164 Definite aticle sp 35.42 Comparative adjective | 7 427 Demonstrative adverb |1 0.61 Demonstrative pronoun | 0 9 Comparaive adverb v 9 Table 2.3: Different types of reference words for exophoric ties 2. Conjunetions There are 315 items of conjunctions in total throughout the observed book.
The following chart presents the occurrence ñcguney of thesc mu types -8- Tahle 1.2: Grammailcal and lexfcal cnhesian 1. Reference Reference, in Halliday and Hasan’s viewpoint, can be accounted as “exophoric” or “endophoric” functions 1. Substitution Halliday and Hasan (1976:89) classify substitution into 3 types: nominal, verbal and clausal. Most of the substitutes are pro-forms within sentences, which are used across SGTICH In specific words, substitutes inay be pro-fDmns for adverbials, pro-fonms [or predicate and predication, and also pro-forms for the direct object clause.
According to Talliday and Ilasan (1976: 91), nontinal substitution includes “one”, “ones”, “same”, verbal substitution consists of “do”, and clausal substitutes arc “so”, “not”.3, Ellipsis Hasan’s viewpoint (1976:146), ellipsis is divided into three subtypes, namely, xominaf ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis. Conjunction There are four types of conjunction: Additive , Adversative, Causal , Temporal 1. Reiteration Roileration, according lo Halliday and Hasan (1976: 318) is “the repetition of a lexical ilem, or the occurrence ofa synonym of some kind, in the context of reference; that is, where the two occurences have the same referent.” Reiteration involves repetition, synonyms and near synonms, super-ordinates, and general words (ibid: 278) 1. Collocation Tn terms of structurs, there aro two types of collocation: grammatical collocation and lexical coflecation (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:284).
Textbook and the book for grade 12 in general throughout Vietnam The syllabus for “Tiéng Anh 12” is the continuation of the textbook for grade 10 and 11 The book is designcd under theme-based approach with 16 units. There arc 5 parts in cach unit, Each partis carried out in a period of forty-five minutes. They are arranged as follows: A. Language Focus Reading is the beginning part of each unit, Each reading passage is about 300 words in length, CHAPTER 2: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF TEXTBOOK OBSERVATION 2.
Anaphoric reference Anaphoric reference means referring to backwards, In this study, reference takes up 357 items. ‘The table below summarizes different pattems of reference in reading texts in the book Anaphorie rel Number of items | Percentage (%)_| Yolal number Definite article 166 46.09 Demonstrative pronoun 2 616 Comparaive adjective 8 2.12 Companaive adverb 3 084 Table 2.1: Different types of reference words for ananhorlc tles 2.2, Cataphoric reference In spite of a small part in inferential ties, cataphoric is proved to be quite necessary to vary the dircetion of reference and contribute to the cohesion of the text. The percentage of different types of reference words for cataphoric ties is illustrated in the table below Calaphoric reference | Numberolilems Percentage (%) | Total number Definite article 82 59.39 ‘Comparative adverb 1 293 Demonstrative adverb 3 21 Demonstrative pronomn 3 Z1 Personal pronoun 1 073 Personal determiner 1 073 Table 2.2: Different types of reference words for cataphoric fies 2. Exephoric reference Exophoric reference | Number ofitems Percentage (%) | Total number Personal pronoun 75 45.72 164 Definite aticle sp 35.42 Comparative adjective | 7 427 Demonstrative adverb |1 0.61 Demonstrative pronoun | 0 9 Comparaive adverb v 9 Table 2.3: Different types of reference words for exophoric ties 2.
Conjunetions There are 315 items of conjunctions in total throughout the observed book. The following chart presents the occurrence ñcguney of thesc mu types -8- Tahle 1.2: Grammailcal and lexfcal cnhesian 1. Reference Reference, in Halliday and Hasan’s viewpoint, can be accounted as “exophoric” or “endophoric” functions 1. Substitution Halliday and Hasan (1976:89) classify substitution into 3 types: nominal, verbal and clausal.
Most of the substitutes are pro-forms within sentences, which are used across SGTICH In specific words, substitutes inay be pro-fDmns for adverbials, pro-fonms [or predicate and predication, and also pro-forms for the direct object clause.