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Tài liệu nghiên cứu Vocabulary needs for the general education curriculum at a four y, tổng hợp lý thuyết và thực hành, cung cấp kiến thức chuyên sâu về giáo dục.

Trường đại học

Minnesota State University Moorhead

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

thesis

2018

71
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Definition of Terms

1.2. Tiers of Vocabulary

1.2.1. The high-frequency words

1.2.2. The mid-frequency words

1.2.3. The low-frequency words

1.2.4. Idioms and slang

1.3. Materials and Instruments

1.4. MSUM Faculty Interviews

1.5. Necessary Concepts and Key Terms

1.6. Vocabulary Needs to Succeed in General Education

1.7. International and NNSE Students’ Non-Vocab Challenges

1.8. University Ongoing Support

1.9. Implications and Recommendations

INFORMED CONSENT LETTER

ABSTRACT

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

Minnesota State University Moorhead RED: a Repository of Digital Collections Dissertations, Theses, and Projects Graduate Studies Fall 12-20-2018 Vocabulary Needs for the General Education Curriculum at a Four- Year University in the U. Esraa Kadhem MSUM, alsafahes@mnstate.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://red.edu/thesis Researchers wishing to request an accessible version of this PDF may complete this form. Recommended Citation Kadhem, Esraa, "Vocabulary Needs for the General Education Curriculum at a Four-Year University in the U. Dissertations, Theses, and Projects.edu/thesis/84 This Thesis (699 registration) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Projects by an authorized administrator of RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. For more information, please contact RED@mnstate. Vocabulary Needs for the General Education Curriculum at a Four-Year University in the U. A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of Minnesota State University Moorhead By Esraa Kadhem In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Second Language November 2018 Moorhead, Minnesota iii Copyright 2018 Esraa Kadhem iv Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father, Mohammed Salim, who set a great example for me and taught me the value of hard work, resilience, and education. v Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my professor and advisor, Dr. Linda Houts-Smith, for the continuous support, motivation, patience, and immense knowledge. Her guidance and mentoring helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my committee: Dr. Brian Smith, and Professor Aimee Hilgers, for their encouragement, and insightful comments. Thanks also go to all seven of my participants without whose cooperation the study could not have been accomplished. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my husband, Bahaa Kadhem, for his support and encouragement throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .1 Definition of Terms .3 Tiers of Vocabulary .6 The high-frequency words .6 The mid-frequency words .8 The low-frequency words .10 Idioms and slang .18 Materials and Instruments .21 MSUM Faculty Interviews .24 Necessary Concepts and Key Terms .46 Vocabulary Needs to Succeed in General Education .46 International and NNSE Students’ Non-Vocab Challenges .49 University Ongoing Support .52 Implications and Recommendations .61 vii Informed Consent Letter .62 viii Abstract The purpose of this study sought to find out the key terms and concepts needed for international students to succeed in the general education courses in a four-year university in the United States. This study analyzed existing enrollment data across three academic year (2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017) to learn which general education course is most frequently taken by international students. One course in each LASC area was identified as the top one from the most frequent taken courses by international students. After identifying the top ten courses, answers on vocabulary needs were obtained by conducting semi-structured interviews with permanent faculty members at Minnesota State University Moorhead (MSUM) who teach these top ten general education courses. The findings show that international and NNSE students do not need any specific content terminology or concepts learning before taking general education courses, rather they need a basic level of vocabulary and English proficiency in order to achieve their academic goals in higher education. VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 1 Chapter One: Introduction “Vocabulary words are the building blocks of the internal learning structure. Vocabulary is also the tool to better define a problem, seek more accurate solutions, etc. International students and non-native speakers of English (NNSEs) face many obstacles, limitations, and difficulties as they go through their years of higher education in a classroom where English is the medium of instruction (EMI). Many of these students find themselves in an EMI classroom setting for the first time. Even if they have been taught English as a foreign language in their countries, this does not necessarily mean that they mastered it as their native-speaker peers. These students may not have the skills at the English proficiency level that is needed in their EMI academic courses, including writing and reading skills. Therefore, international and NNSEs student have a variety of academic weaknesses, including deficient oral and written communication skills. Some of these weaknesses are a direct reflection of students’ limited vocabularies (Willingham & Price, 2009). There are different areas in which international students and NNSEs are struggling when it comes to be in EMI classroom setting, and one of the areas that is specifically concerning is lack of vocabulary. In fact, the Lexical Approach, which is an approach to teach language, claims that “the building blocks of language learning and communication are not grammar, function, notions, or some other unit of planning and VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 2 teaching but lexis, that is, word and word combinations” (Richards and Rodgers, 2001, p. Despite all of the struggles that NNSEs face while attending college or universities in the United States to obtain their higher education, the United States remains the country of choice for a lot of international students, hosting about 1.1 million of the 4.6 million enrolled worldwide in 2017 (Zong, & Batalova, 2018). As a non-native speaker of English who has been studying at MSUM, I have found it difficult to succeed in a course without understanding the essential terms and words related to specific subject areas, such as math. Even when I had the necessary prior knowledge for that math course, lacking the specific terms and vocabulary knowledge in English related to the math course, made the material difficult to comprehend, which affected my success in the course. This made me realize that learning the content area vocabulary at the same time as acquiring the knowledge in the general educational courses is an obstacle for non-native English speaker students. If this is true for all non- native English speakers, what vocabulary NNSEs should learn before attending the general courses in order to succeed in their education in an EMI setting? Definition of Terms For the purposes of this study, the following terms are defined as: Academic Words: Words that are used in academic texts across multiple disciplines and are not high frequency or specialized words (Nation, 2001). High-Frequency Words: Words that are used very frequently in the English language (Nation, 2001). VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 3 Idioms: “Are a multi-word unit where the meaning of the whole unit is not clear from the meaning of its parts. 1) Lexicon: The vocabulary of a particular language, field, social class, and person. Linguistic Insecurity: “The anxiety or lack of confidence experienced by speakers and writers, who believe that their use of language does not conform to the principles and practices of standard language” (Daftari & Tavil, 2017). Specialized or Technical Words: Words that are used in texts that are specialized to a specific area of study, that are not high-frequency words or general academic words (Nation, 2001). Word Families: A set of words consisting of a base word and all its derived and inflected forms, for example, watch, watches, watched, and watching (Nation, 2001). Literature Review Since vocabulary knowledge is essential to language learning and communication, without enough vocabulary students might not be able to get their message across, neither can they fully comprehend a text without knowing enough vocabulary meaning. This means the more words a person knows, the better they will learn the content and understand materials. In studies related to second language learners, researchers revealed there are solid and high correlations between vocabulary knowledge and paragraph comprehension in reading materials (Matsuoka & Hirsh, 2010). Recognizing the meaning of words is important for readers since some researchers claim that fluent reading comprehension is possible only with automatic word recognition of a large vocabulary (Grabe, 2008; Matsuoka & Hirsh, 2010). Missing meaning or word understanding could lead to difficulty in comprehending the context, which might lead to obstacle on VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 4 achieving success in the general education courses. To avoid this problem, non-native speakers of English must learn general education vocabulary before taking further general educational courses. This is because in the general education courses, there is a large amount of material presented in a sixteen-week semester, and there is not enough time to spend on teaching the general academic words along with the content area knowledge at the same time (Willingham & Price, 2009). Thus, vocabulary instruction is often either removed from the curriculum or taught on a limited basis (Willingham & Price, 2009). In English, there are about 114,000-word families, excluding proper names, identified in the largest non-historical dictionary of English (Nation, 2001). Although native speakers of English (NSEs) have acquired lexicon at very young age, they will continue increasing the number of words in their vocabulary throughout their entire life, yet they will never master all the words in their native language (Richards, 1976). Since learning all the words of English is not expected from most native speakers, then, of course, it will not be the goal for a non-native language learner. There is not an exact number of words to be known for a NSE since the number changes according to the specific purposes. However, it was estimated that the average NSE in the United States enters school with between 4,000 to 5,000-word families (Schmitt & McCarthy, 1997). For each year of their life, they add about 1,000 words to their vocabulary (Nation, 2001), which means that the average NSE entering college knows about 17,000-word families. While NSEs are in college, they acquire approximately 2,000 words each year. The total number of words NSEs acquire by graduation from college would be around 25,000 words (Nation, 1990). NNSEs need to start with half of the word number of their NSE VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 5 peers entering the college, at least, in order to succeed in their academic courses (Nation, 1990). But what happens when NNSEs enter college with less than the needed words to be academically successful? The reality is that NSE continue to learn new words while NNSEs face the double challenge of building that foundation and closing that language gap (Mukoroli, 2011). If NNSEs, such as international students, begin college with limited number of English words, then, in turn, they have many more words to learn in order to reach the same level as their NSE peers. In other words, vocabulary acquisition for academic purpose must be doubled for NNSEs to be successful in their general education courses (Li, 2016). Linguistics draw a distinction between receptive (the knowledge needed for listening and reading), and productive (the knowledge needed for speaking and writing) vocabulary. A learner’s receptive vocabulary contains those words that a learner can identify but not use. A productive vocabulary covers those words that a learner can both identify and use (Nunan, 2015). Knowing the form of word involves knowing its meaning, its spelling, its pronunciation, its grammar, its collocations and its register (Nation, 1990). These are points that an instructor should take into an account when teaching vocabulary (Nunan, 2015). NNSE differs from NSE not only in the size of their lexicon but also the depth of semantic representation or meaning (Comesaña, Soares, Sánchez-Casas & Lima, 2012), in other words, depth of knowledge of a word meaning. This is another challenge, along with the number of vocabulary words to be acquired, which includes enhancement of semantic depth or understanding of these acquired vocabulary (Khan, 2016). Second language researchers assumed that NNSEs acquire new meaning along with acquiring VOCABULARY NEEDS FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION 6 new words, (Jiang, 2004). However, lexical errors could occur when English Language Learners use second language new words based on the meaning of their native language translations (Jiang, 2004). This is true especially in the early stages of new vocabulary acquisition.

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