BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ĐẠI HỌC KINH TÉ THÀNH PHÓ HÒ CHÍ MINH BÁO CÁO TỎNG KÉT ĐÈ TÀI NGHIÊN cứu KHOA HỌC THAM GIA XÉT GIẢI THƯỞNG ‘’NHÀ NGHIÊN CỨU TRẺ UEH” NĂM 2024 EXPLAINING RESISTANCE TO SYSTEM USAGE IN THE CHATBOT: A VIEW OF THE DUAL-FACTOR MODEL Thuộc nhóm chuyên ngành: Công nghệ thông tin - Trí tuệ nhân tạo TP. Hồ Chí Minh, tháng 02 năm 2024 1 ABSTRACT In the era where artificial intelligence (AI) and digital communication are leading the technological revolution, chatbot have emerged as a key tool in enhancing customer service and operational efficiency. The study conducted by researchers aimed to explore the factors influencing satisfaction and resistance towards chatbot use among individuals aged 16 to 34. Utilizing a quantitative research method, the survey collected responses from 384 participants who are current or past users of chatbot across major cities in Vietnam.
The results of the study indicate that the continuance intention to use chatbot is positively influenced by satisfaction, which includes factors such as information quality, service quality, system quality, and social presence. Conversely, it is negatively affected by resistance to use, including technological anxiety, privacy concerns, and immature technology. Consequently, researchers proposes solutions to enhance user experience, contributing to the development of businesses to increase the number of users who accept and utilize chatbot. Keywords: AI, Chatbot, Intention to use, Digital, Information Technology.
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS 7 INTRODUCTION 8 1. Subjects and Scope of Research 11 5. Research Scope 11 RESEARCH CONTENT 13 CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONTEXT 13 1.
Dual-factor theory of IS usage 14 1. DeLone and McLean’s IS success model 15 1. The SQB theory 16 1. Context 18 CHAPTER 2: HYPOTHESIS 20 2.
Information Quality and Satisfaction 20 2. System Quality and Satisfaction 21 2. Service Quality and Satisfaction 21 2. Social Presence and Satisfaction 22 2.
Technological Anxiety and Resistance to Use 22 2. Immature Technology and Resistance to Use 23 2. Privacy Concern and Resistance to Use 24 2. Satisfaction and Continuance Intention to Use 25 2.
Resistance to use and Continuance intention to Use 25 CHAPTER 3: MODEL AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 3. Summary of Hypothesis 27 3. Definition of Variables 28 3. Resistance to Use 36 3.
Continuance intention to Use 36 CHAPTER 4. Data Analysis Results 39 4. Assessment of Measurement Model 40 4. Assessment of Structural Model 45 4.
The Influences of Control Variables 48 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 50 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION 52 1. Personalize user experience 55 2. Build popular topics 56 2.
Analyze user data 60 2. Integrating virtual reality technology and virtual augmented reality 63 2. Ensure security of user information 65 3. Evaluate the new contribution of the research 69 4.
Limitation and Directions for Future Researchs 71 4 5. Recommendations on mechanisms and policies 72 REFERENCE 74 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Definition of Variables. 30 Table 2: Measurement itemsof Information Quality. 31 Table 3: Measurement itemsof System quality.
31 Table 4: Measurement itemsof Service Quality. 32 Table 5: Measurement itemsof Social Presence. 33 Table 6: Measurement itemsof Technological Anxiety. 34 Table 7: Measurement itemsof Immature Technology.
34 Table 8: Measurement itemsof Privacy Concern. 35 Table 9: Measurement itemsof Satisfaction.36 Table 10: Measurement items of Resistance to Use. 36 Table 11: Measurement items of Continuance intention to Use. 37 Table 12: Characteristics of Respondents.
40 Table 13: Assessment of constructs. 42 Table 14: Fornell-Larcker Criterion. 43 Table 15: Table of results according to HTMT.44 Table 16: Table of VIF evaluation results. 45 Table 17: Table of bootstrapping evaluation results.
47 Table 18: Results of assessing the influence of control variables. 49 Table 19: Python commands help provide, suggest and create topics before conversing with the chatbot. 58 Table 20: Python commands help provide, suggest and create topics before conversing with the chatbot. 59 Table 21: Data processing process in Python.
62 Table 22: Analyze processed data. 62 Table 23: Illustrate how to use Dialogflow to integrate AR and VR into chatbots. 64 Table 24: Python script for developers to encode information. 66 Table 25: Python script for developers to authenticate and authorize data.68 Table 26: SQL statement for chatbot to limit access to sensitive information.69 í) LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual framework.
27 Figure 2: Result of structures in research model. 48 Figure 3: Steps to implement the feature of adding, creating, and suggesting. 57 Figure 4: Illustration of suggesting and creating AI topics suitable to userneeds. 60 Figure 5: Steps to perform data analysis to understand users to.
61 Figure 6: Steps to Steps to take to secure user information. 66 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS NO. ACRONYMS EXPLAIN 1 AI Artificial Intelligence 2 CLI Command Line Interface 3 CRUD Create, Read, Update, Delete 4 IDS Intrusion Detection Systems 5 HSM Hardware Security Module 6 OTP One Time Password 7 PCA Principal Component Analysis t-Dislribuled Stochastic Neighbor 8 t-SNE Embedding 9 RES Researchers team 10 SQ System Quality 8 INTRODUCTION 1. Research Overview Chatbots are software applications supported by artificial intelligence, employing management systems for exchanging and interacting online through text and voice, thereby substituting direct human-to-human conversation (Cù, L.
Chatbots act on behalf of sales representatives to communicate information with customers by mimicking human natural language (Cù, L. Having issued National strategy on research, development and application of AI until 2030 (Decision number 127/ỌĐ- TTg dated 26 January 2021 and master plan for national e-commerce development to 2025 (Decision No. 645/QDTTg, 2020), Vietnam Government's ambition is to be “the center for innovation, development of AI solutions and applications in ASEAN and over the world’’ and ranks among lop 3 countries in Southeast Asia regarding online commerce development with the expectation of 50% population participating. While chatbots play an essential role and have been widely adopted in customer service, not all customers are willing or feel comfortable interacting with them (Ashfaq, M.
Currently, there remains a scarcity of research topics regarding the factors influencing resistance to use and the willingness of users to engage with technology. RES has decided to explore and analyze factors affecting the process of using chatbots, including the degree of satisfaction and the potential for resistance to use. It is predicted by industry experts that digitalization & development in AI applications, for instance, Chabot will create more opportunities for Vietnamese businesses and reduce the risks of being obsolete (Dharmaraj,2019). Vietnam conversational AI market size was estimated to be worth USD 152.
During the forecast period between 2023 and 2029. the Vietnam conversational AI market size is projected to grow al a CAGR of 21.81 % reaching a value of USD 604. Recognizing the importance and role in enhancing understanding of chatbot usage in current trends, RES has conducted quantitative research to propose solutions that serve practical life. Initially, the study will focus on identifying and analyzing factors that drive chatbot usage behavior, including information quality, service quality, system quality, and social presence.
These factors pertain to user satisfaction with 9 chatbots. Furthermore, RES will explore the potential for resistance to using chatbots, including concerns about technological anxiety, privacy concerns, and immature technology. Through this, RES proposes effective solutions and strategies to overcome these issues, thereby improving acceptance and the intention to use chatbots. Research Rationale In the recent times chatbot systems have gained popularity because of its wide applications.
Apart from the wide range of applications the reason for the popularity of chatbot systems is that they are approachable, they enhance customer experience, they can manage large number of customers, and are very cost effective (Megha Desai, 2019). It has been observed that chatbot systems helps in reducing the overall operating costs as well (M. In the coming years it is expected that chatbot systems will reduce the workload at the higher management levels by up to 70% (New 18, 2020). Because of this corporations are expected to invest billions of dollars in the research and development of chatbot systems.
Even from the customer's pot of view chatbot systems present a unique experience of availability of help and support for a product anytime of the day (T. As a matter for fact it has been observed that consumers prefer chatbot systems over human interaction and going ahead would prefer these systems over physically visiting the stores. These chatbot systems are given knowledge, with the help of which these systems try and answer user's queries (Nagarhalli, TP, Vaze, V. Chatbots are versatile and have great potential.
Human service workers often reach the limits of their capabilities; they may not be able to organize various resources for serving the company and may become fatigued (Johannsen, F. However, Chatbots are available 24 h a day, and with scalable technology, they can be accessed without waiting times for customers. For companies, Chatbots can play a significant role in cost savings and in automating processes (Akhtar, M. The existing research finds that humanoid Chatbots often suffer from information leakage, and their anthropomorphic perception-mediated recommendation compliance and lower privacy concerns have become focuses of attention (Ischen, c.
People did not report a decrease in privacy 10 concerns when using a Chatbot, although it increased the perception of social presence. As Chatbots are widely used in various fields, Chatbots working in the financial industry intensified people's distrust. When it comes to sharing financially sensitive information and using Chatbots for financial support, people’s trust in them is very low (Ng, M.; Coopamootoo, KPL; Toreini, E. In addition, it is important to note that chatbots may feed users’ viral-carrying content, which can raise privacy concerns; be adversarial or malicious; and cause significant financial, reputational, or legal damage to Chatbot providers (Baudart, G.
With regard to the impact of using Chatbots, the poor quality of the Chatbot's feedback can seriously affect the journey and make consumers dissatisfied (Nichifor, E. Ironically, the combination of “world-changing technology" touted by the media and vendors pushed Chatbot use to the level of inflated expectations when, in fact, the technology is still immature (Chu, Y. Although chatbots have been extensively used by many businesses in recent years, customers' satisfaction with chatbots is still rather low. For instance, a recent survey showed that 74% of consumers expect to encounter a chatbot on a website, but only 13% of the surveyed respondents prefer using chatbots over human interactions (Yin, s, 2019).
This may be due to several issues that arise from chatbot usage, such as uncertainly about the chatbot’s performance (Nguyền, T, 2019), uncomfortable feelings (Luo, X.; Qu, z, 2019) or privacy concerns (Zamora, J, 2017) Concerns and shortcomings in chatbot performance have impacted user satisfaction levels. A segment of users chooses to continue using chatbots, recognizing the specific value they offer, including convenience, efficiency, and the ease of use they provide (Rossmann. Conversely, another group expresses concerns about security risks, technical issues, and the limited interaction capabilities of chatbots (Agnihotri. Fully aware of this issue, RES has decided to conduct research on the topic "Explaining resistance to system usage in the ChatBot: A view of the dual-factor model" with the goal of surveying and analyzing factors affecting user satisfaction regarding the intention to continue using chatbots.
From this, RES aims to propose solutions and contribute to the development 11 and improvement of user experience, while also expanding opportunities for businesses to increase the number of users who accept and use chatbots. Research Objectives Our study aims to address and propose solutions to the limitations of chatbot usage identified in previous research. To serve the research objective, RES has formulated the following research questions: 1. What aspect affects young people’s resistance toward their continuance intention the most? 2.
Which factors are influential regarding to users' continuance intention in ChatBot? 3. What advice do ChatBot developers have for improving, enhancing, and engaging additional users? 4.