VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES. ĐẶNG NGUYÊN GIANG A STUDY ON STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS (Nghiên cứu thành tố cấu trúc và ngữ nghĩa của một số thành ngữ cố định (đặc ngữ) điển hình trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 15 01 A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy HANOI – 2013 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES. ĐẶNG NGUYÊN GIANG A STUDY ON STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS (Nghiên cứu thành tố cấu trúc và ngữ nghĩa của một số thành ngữ cố định (đặc ngữ) điển hình trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 15 01 A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Assoc. Võ Đại Quang Assoc.
Lê Hùng Tiến HANOI – 2013 DECLARATION BY AUTHOR Except where reference has been made in the text, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person. I, Đặng Nguyên Giang, hereby state that this thesis is the result of my own research and the substance of the thesis has not, wholly or in part, been submitted for any degrees to any other universities or institutions. i PUBLISHED WORKS BY THE AUTHOR RELEVANT TO THE THESIS Giang, Đ. Idiomatic Variants and Synonymous Idioms in English.
VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages, 25 (2), 81-85. Idiom Variants and Synonymous Idioms in English and Vietnamese: The Similarities and Differences. VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages, 27 (4), 273-280. Bàn thêm về đặc tính ngữ nghĩa của thành ngữ tiếng Anh [On the semantic properties of English idioms].
Bản tin thông tin khoa học và công nghệ - Trường Đại học Tây Bắc, 1-6, 27-33. Bàn thêm về đặc tính ngữ nghĩa của thành ngữ tiếng Việt [On the semantic properties of Vietnamese idioms]. Từ điển học và Bách khoa thư, 15 (1), 38-43. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation is credited to many people’s contributions and support.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all most sincerely, knowing that my thanks are never adequate. I am greatly indebted to my supervisors Assoc. Võ Đại Quang and Assoc. Lê Hùng Tiến for their encouragement, insightful comments and interest in my study.
I would like to thank the staff of Post Graduate Department for their assistance that has made the finalization of the dissertation possible in a very short time. My sincere thanks also extend to Prof. Hoàng Văn Vân, Assoc. Nguyễn Đức Hoạt, and Dr.
Nguyễn Văn Trào for their invaluable suggestions, highly constructive comments on several issues related to the dissertation. Their willingness to support me, answer my questions, and comment on my dissertation content and organization has made me more confident to pursue the research in this challenging area. I give my sincere thanks to all my students, colleagues and friends who patiently listened to my frustrations, and provided me with encouragement, understanding and collegiality. As custom dictates, I have saved the most important people for last.
My gratitude goes to my mother and father. Their constant love and unconditional support are simply beyond words. A big thank goes to my wife, Thanh Hà, and my gorgeous son, Bảo Nam, for their patience, endless love, and devotion. Whatever choices I have made, they have always stood by me and believed in me.
I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given me. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration by Author……………………………………………. i Published Works by the Author Relevant to the Thesis……………. viii List of Figures……………………………………………………….
x List of Tables…………………………………………………………….……… xiv List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used in the Thesis………………. xv List of Vietnamese – English Terms…………………………………. xvi PART A: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………. Aims and Objectives of the Study……………………………….
Scope of the Study………………………………………. Contributions of the Study………………………………. Structure of the Study………………………………………. 14 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………….
Idioms from Traditional View…………………………. Idioms from Cognitive View……………………………. Idioms from Taxonomic View…………………………. Idioms from Cultural View…………………………….
Idioms in the Relationship to Other Linguistic Units………. Previous Research Works on Idioms in English…………. Previous Research Works on Idioms in Vietnamese………. Previous Research Works on Idioms in English and Vietnamese under Comparison and Contrastive Analysis……………………………….
39 CHAPTER 2: STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS…………………………………………. Canonical Structural Components……………………………. Non-symmetrical idioms…………………………………. Non-canonical Structural Components……………….
Structural Components of English and Vietnamese Idioms Compared 85 2. Canonical Structural Components Found in both Languages…. Non-canonical Structural Components Found in both Languages 85 2. Canonical Structural Components Unique to English……….
Non-canonical Structural Components Unique to English…. Canonical Structural Components Unique to Vietnamese. Non-canonical Structural Components Unique to Vietnamese… 91 2. 92 CHAPTER 3: SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS……………………………………….
Canonical Semantic Components………………………………. Semantic Components of Symmetrical Idioms………………. Motivation Degree of Semantic Components………. Composition of Semantic Components………………….
Semantic Components of Similized Idioms……………………. Motivation Degree of Semantic Components………. Composition of Semantic Components……………. Semantic Components of Non-symmetrical Idioms…………….
Motivation Degree of Semantic Components…………. Composition of Semantic Components…………………. Non-canonical Semantic Components……………………………. Semantic Components of Idiom Variants……………………………….
Semantic Components of Synonymous Idioms……………. Formation of Semantic Components of Idioms……………………. Main Factors Affecting the Formation of Semantic Components……. Religions and Beliefs……………………………….
Traditions and Customs……………………………. Semantic Components of English and Vietnamese Idioms Compared…. Canonical Semantic Components Found in both Languages…. Non-canonical Semantic Components Found in both Languages 132 vi 3.
Formation of semantic components found in both Languages. Canonical Semantic Components Unique to English………. Canonical Semantic Components Unique to Vietnamese…. Differences between English and Vietnamese in Terms of Main Factors that Affect the Formation of Semantic Components….
Implications for Idiom Teaching and Translation……………. Suggestions for Further Studies……………………………………. XVI vii ABSTRACT An investigation of idioms in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic components is carried out in the present study. Componential analysis, describing, comparing and contrasting are regarded as the main methods used in the present thesis.
The findings of the study are concerned with the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms in terms of (1) structural components, and (2) semantic components and their formation. In order to collect the data, a hand search approach of the dictionaries in both languages has been conducted, which helps to establish a corpus of 4,134 idioms in English and 4,053 idioms in Vietnamese. In the present study, a common theoretical framework on idioms is applied to both English and Vietnamese. The canonical structural and semantic components involve three types of idioms existing in our data: symmetrical, similized, and non-symmetrical (Đức 1995; Hành 2008).
The canonical structural components of each idiom type are realized, described and analyzed according to grammatical rules suggested by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik (1985). The non-canonical structural components involve two types of idioms: idiom variants and synonymous idioms. The semantic components of each idiom type involve the motivation degrees (transparent, semi-transparent, semi-opaque, and opaque) (Fernando & Flavell 1981; Fernando 1996), the association between the literal readings and the idiomatic meanings (Langlotz 2006), and the semantic composition of component parts (Hành 2008). The findings of the current study also reveal that most of the idioms in both English and Vietnamese are analyzable and have meanings that are at least partly motivated (Geeraets 1995; Gibbs 1990, 1995; Kövecses & Szabo 1996; Nunberg et al.
1994; Fernando 1996; Langlotz 2006; etc). The formation mechanism of the semantic components of idioms is motivated by external semantic cognition including metaphors, metonymies and conventional knowledge (Gibbs 1990, 1995). It is a natural process implicitly affected by several different factors such as living circumstance (geographical environment, climate), historical allusion (historical events, fables and mythologies, literary works), religions and beliefs, and traditions and customs (food and cooking, animals). This leads to a fact that the component parts forming idioms in the two viii languages are different although they denote similar concepts.
The thesis also presents the implications for idiom teaching and translation. Keywords: idioms, idiomaticity, symmetrical idioms, similized idioms, non-symmetrical idioms, idiom variants, synonymous idioms, underlying factors, motivation degree, literal reading, idiomatic meaning ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Classification of symmetrical figurative idioms in Vietnamese (Hành 2008: 76)………………………………………………….2: Classification of non-symmetrical figurative idioms in Vietnamese (Hành 2008: 100)……………………………………………….3: Classification of similized idioms in Vietnamese (Hành 2008: 115) 27 Figure 2. Distribution of symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese….2: Structural patterns of symmetrical idioms in English……….3: Structural patterns of symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese…….4: Structural components of A and B symmetrical idioms in English.5: Structural components of A or B symmetrical idioms in English….6: Structural components of A but B symmetrical idioms in English.7: Structural components of A to B symmetrical idioms in English.8: Structural components of A, B symmetrical idioms in English….9: Symmetrical relationship between A and B of mẹ tròn con vuông in Vietnamese……………………………………………………….10: Symmetrical relationship between A and B of chạy ngược chạy xuôi in Vietnamese………………………………………………….11: Canonical structural components of symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese……………….12: Distribution of similized idioms in English and Vietnamese….13: Structural patterns of similized idioms in English…………….14: Structural patterns of similized idioms in Vietnamese………….15: Structural components of as A as B similized idioms in English.16: Structural components of A like B similized idioms in English….17: Structural components of […] like B similized idioms in English… 55 Figure 2.18: Structural components of […] as B similized idioms in English.19: Structural components of A như B similized idioms in Vietnamese………………………………………………………….20: Structural components of (A) như B similized idioms in Vietnamese…………………………………………………….21: Structural components of như B similized idioms in Vietnamese……………………………………………….22: Structural components of AB similized idioms in Vietnamese….23: Distribution of non-symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese…………………………………………………………… 60 Figure 2.24: Structural patterns of non-symmetrical idioms in English…….25: Structural patterns of non-symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese.26: Structural components of A HN (B) non-symmetrical idioms as noun phrases in English…………………………………………….27: Structural components of AB non-symmetrical idioms as adjective phrases in English…………………………………………………… 63 Figure 2.28: Structural components of Prep B non-symmetrical idioms as prepositional phrases in English…………………………….29: Structural components of A Adv non-symmetrical idioms as adverbial phrases in English………………………………….30: Structural components of (A) V/PV B non-symmetrical idioms as verb phrases in English……………………………………………… 65 Figure 2.31: Structural components of non-symmetrical idioms as sentences in English………………………………………………………….32: Structural components of AB non-symmetrical idioms as noun phrases in Vietnamese…………………………….33: Structural components of AB non-symmetrical idioms as adjective phrases in Vietnamese………………….34: Structural components of AB non-symmetrical idioms as verb phrases in Vietnamese………………………….35: Structural components of non-symmetrical idioms as sentences in Vietnamese……………………………………….36: Distribution of idiom variants in English and Vietnamese…….37: Realization criteria of idiom variants in English and Vietnamese.38: Distribution of synonymous idioms in English and Vietnamese.39: Realization criteria of synonymous idioms in English and Vietnamese………………………………….40: Distribution of idiom types in English and Vietnamese……….41: Distribution of idiom variants and synonymous idioms in English and Vietnamese………………………………………. Distribution of transparent symmetrical idioms in English and xi Vietnamese……………………………………………….2: Semantic components of transparent symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese…………………………………………………….3: The relationship between the literal reading and idiomatic meaning of slowly but surely in English and bày mưu tính kế in Vietnamese.4: Transformation of quốc sắc thiên hương (from Sino-Vietnamese into Vietnamese)…………………………………….5: Distribution of semi-opaque symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese……………………………………………….6: Semantic components of semi-opaque symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese……………………………….7: The relationship between the literal reading and idiomatic meaning of day and night in English and mồm năm miệng mười in Vietnamese………………………………………….8: Distribution of opaque symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese………………………………………….9: Semantic components of opaque symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese………………………………………….10: The relationship between the literal reading and idiomatic meaning of già kén kẹn hom in Vietnamese…………………………….11: Distribution of semi-transparent similized idioms in English and Vietnamese………………………………………….12: Semantic components of semi-transparent similized idioms in English and Vietnamese…………………………………………….13: The relationship between the literal reading and idiomatic meaning of as busy as a bee in English and chậm như rùa in Vietnamese………………………………………………………….14: Distribution of semi-opaque similized idioms in English and Vietnamese………………………………………….15: Semantic components of semi-opaque similized idioms in English and Vietnamese……………………………………………….