Event Studies Books in the Series Management of Event Operations Julia Tum, Philippa Norton and J. Nevan Wright Innovative Marketing Communications: Strategies for the Events Industry Guy Masterman and Emma. Wood Events Management 2e Glenn A. Bowdin, Johnny Allen, William O’Toole, Rob Harris and Ian McDonnell Events Design and Experience Graham Berridge Marketing and Selling Destinations and Venues: A Convention and Events Perspective Tony Rogers and Rob Davidson Human Resource Management for Events Lynn Van der Wagen Event Studies Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events Donald Getz AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007, Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK; phone: (44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 10: 0-7506-6959-4 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our web site at http://books.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Series editors ix Series preface xi Preface xiii Dedication xix Acknowledgements xxi List of figures xxiii 1 Introduction and Overview of Event Studies 1 What Is Event Studies? 2 Event Studies: Core Phenomenon and Major Themes 9 2 The World of Planned Events 17 Describing and Classifying Events 18 Planned versus Unplanned Events 27 Typology of Event Forms 30 3 Foundation Disciplines: Part One 49 Introduction 50 Anthropology 50 Sociology 55 Psychology 61 Environmental Psychology 65 Social Psychology 68 4 Foundation Disciplines: Part Two 75 Philosophy 76 Religious Studies 78 Economics 80 Management 89 Political Science 98 Law 101 5 Foundation Disciplines: Part Three 105 Introduction 106 History 106 vi Contents Human Geography 114 Future Studies 119 6 Closely Related Professional Fields 127 Introduction 128 Parks and Recreation Management: Leisure Studies 128 Tourism Management and Tourism Studies 138 Hospitality Management and Hospitality Studies 146 Education and Interpretation 147 Communications, Media and Performance Studies 152 Arts and Cultural Management 158 Cultural Studies 159 Sport Management and Sport Studies 160 Venue, Club and Assembly Management 162 Theatre Studies 163 7 The Event Experience and Meanings 169 Defining ‘Experience’ 170 A Model of the Planned Event Experience 177 Generic and Specific Types of Planned Event Experiences 182 Meanings Attached to Planned Event Experiences 196 8 Event Design 207 What is Event Design? 208 Designing the Setting 212 Theme and Programme Design 223 Service Design and Quality 228 Design of Gastronomy and Other Consumables 230 9 Antecedents and Choices 235 What Are Antecedents? 236 Barriers and Constraints 245 Decision-Making 249 Post-experience Evaluation and Feedback 253 10 Management of Events 257 Leadership, Founders and Organizational Culture 258 Organizational and Inter-organizational Behaviour 264 Planning and Decision-Making 271 Operations and Logistics 275 Marketing and Communications 278 Resources and Financial Management 282 Contents vii Human Resources and Volunteer Management 286 Risk, Health and Safety 291 Research, Evaluation and Information Systems 293 11 Outcomes and the Impacted 299 What are Outcomes and Impacts? 300 Personal Outcomes 301 Social, Cultural and Political Outcomes 303 Economic Outcomes 309 Environmental Outcomes 314 Impact Assessment and Cost–Benefit Evaluation 317 12 Events and Public Policy 327 What Is Public Policy? 328 Justifying Public-Sector Involvement 329 Economic Policy and Events 334 Cultural Policy and Events 337 Social Policy and Events 340 Environmental Policy and Events 342 Public Policy-Making 344 13 Creating Knowledge in Event Studies 351 A Framework for Knowledge Creation 352 Philosophy and Knowledge 355 Research Methodologies 359 Research Purposes and Methods 362 A Research Agenda for Event Studies 371 14 Conclusions 383 The Planned Event Experience 384 Designing Experiences 386 Antecedents and Choices 387 Conclusions on Management 388 Conclusions on Outcomes 389 Conclusions on Events and Public Policy 390 Conclusions on Creating Knowledge 391 Final Comments 392 References 393 Index 427 This page intentionally left blank Series editors Glenn A. Bowdin is Principal Lecturer in Events Planning at the UK Centre for Events Management, Leeds Metropolitan University where he has responsibility for man- aging events-related research.
He is co-author of Events Management. His research inter- ests include the area of service quality management, specifically focusing on the area of quality costing, and issues relating to the planning, management and evaluation of events. He is a Member of the Editorial Boards for Event Management (an international journal) and Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, Chair of AEME (Association for Events Management Education), Charter Member of the International EMBOK (Event Management Body Of Knowledge). Executive and a Member of Meeting Professionals International (MPI).
Don Getz is a Professor in the Tourism and Hospitality Management Program, Haskayne School of Business, the University of Calgary. His ongoing research involves event- related issues (e., management, event tourism, events and culture) and special-interest tourism (e. Recent books include Event Management & Event Tourism and Explore Wine Tourism: Management, Development, Destinations. He co-founded and is a Member of the Editorial Board for Event Management (an international journal).
Professor Conrad Lashley is Professor in Leisure Retailing and Director of the Centre for Leisure Retailing at Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University. He is also Series Editor for the Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann Series on Hospitality Leisure and Tourism. His research interests have largely been concerned with service quality management, and specifically employee empowerment in service delivery. He also has research interest and publications relating to hospitality management education.
Recent books include Organisation Behaviour for Leisure Services, 12 Steps to Study Success, Hospitality Retail Management and Empowerment: HR Strategies for Service Excellence. He has co-edited, Franchising Hospitality Services, and In Search of Hospitality: Theoretical Perspectives and Debates. He is the Past Chair of the Council for Hospitality Management Education. He is a Chair of the British Institute of Innkeeping’s Panel Judges for the NITA Training Awards, and is Advisor to England’s East Midlands Tourism network.
This page intentionally left blank Series preface The events industry, including festivals, meetings, conferences, exhibitions, incentives, sports and a range of other events, is rapidly developing and makes a significant con- tribution to business- and leisure-related tourism. With increased regulation and the growth of government and corporate involvement in events, the environment has become much more complex. Event managers are now required to identify and service a wide range of stakeholders and to balance their needs and objectives. Though mainly oper- ating at national levels, there has been significant growth of academic provision to meet the needs of events and related industries and the organizations that comprise them.
The English-speaking nations, together with key Northern European countries, have developed programmes of study leading to the award of diploma, undergraduate and post-graduate awards. These courses focus on providing education and training for future event professionals, and cover areas such as event planning and manage- ment, marketing, finance, human resource management and operations. Modules in events management are also included in many tourism, leisure, recreation and hospital- ity qualifications in universities and colleges. The rapid growth of such courses has meant that there is a vast gap in the available literature on this topic for lecturers, students and professionals alike.
To this end, the Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann Events Management Series has been created to meet these needs to create a planned and targeted set of publications in this area. Aimed at academic and management development in events management and related studies, the Events Management Series: ● provides a portfolio of titles which match management development needs through various stages; ● prioritizes publication of texts where there are current gaps in the market, or where current provision is unsatisfactory; ● develops a portfolio of both practical and stimulating texts; ● provides a basis for theoretical and research underpinning for programmes of study; ● is recognized as being of consistent high quality; ● will quickly become the series of first choice for both authors and users. This page intentionally left blank Preface There is great satisfaction to be derived from producing, assisting or participating in a planned event, but the study of events is equally fulfilling. I am always delighted to learn more about the great diversity and historical development of events, fascinated by their multi-faceted importance and meanings in every society, and ever-curious about the planning and production of unique event experiences.
Event Studies includes event design and management, but it is also a lifelong voyage of discovery about the very nature of culture and civilization. Can you remember your first special event experience? For me it was the county fair, or the travelling circus, I cannot remember which came first. They were thrilling and memorable family experiences. When I was young we annually visited large regional and national exhibitions in Kitchener, Toronto and Ottawa, trips that were the high- light of summer holidays.
I will never forget Expo 67 in Montreal, both as a family experience and a national celebration – it was Canada’s centennial year, my brother got married, and I moved away from home to start university. There are many event experi- ences that will always stand out in my fondest, most poignant memories, from those early family occasions, to trips with my own wife to attend the first Canada–Russia hockey showdown and with children to attend musical theatre. My frequent global travels often include exotic cultural experiences, new sport events and stimulating conferences. It’s a beautiful world of events.
What meanings have you attached to your event experiences? What about your own personal milestones, the graduations, anniversaries, weddings, the birth of children – How were they celebrated? Do you enjoy meeting new people, participating in sport events or going to concerts with friends? Just how important are events to our personal and collective lives? We do not even have to think about economic impacts and cul- tural policies to realize that planned events are timeless and vital parts of civilization, of life itself. My first goal in writing this book is to build a solid foundation for the profession of event management. It is my belief that simply teaching how to design or produce an event is equivalent to teaching a trade or an art, whereas teaching event management absolutely requires a dual foundation in management theory and Event Studies. My second aim is to establish Event Studies as an academic field on par with leisure, sport xiv Preface or tourism studies.
This new academic field can have its home in the social and behav- ioural sciences, although it will also draw in a multi-disciplinary fashion from arts, humanities, design and engineering. A third major aim is to examine the myriad policy issues related to events, and to provide the basis for rational and inclusive policy-making. Hopefully this will advance the development of planned events. Who Is This Book Written For?