VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES ĐỖ TUẤN LONG MEANINGS OF ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS “OVER, ABOVE, UNDER, AND BELOW” AND THEIR EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE: A STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF PRINCIPLED POLYSEMY NGỮ NGHĨA GIỚI TỪ TIẾNG ANH “OVER, UNDER, ABOVE, BELOW” VÀ PHƯƠNG TIỆN BIỂU ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT M.A Major Thesis Major: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HA NOI – 2016 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES ĐỖ TUẤN LONG MEANINGS OF ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS “OVER, ABOVE, UNDER AND BELOW” AND THEIR EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE: A STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF PRINCIPLED POLYSEMY NGỮ NGHĨA GIỚI TỪ TIẾNG ANH “OVER, UNDER, ABOVE, BELOW” VÀ PHƯƠNG TIỆN BIỂU ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT M.A Major Thesis Major: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Thesis Advisor: Assoc. LÂM QUANG ĐÔNG HA NOI – 2016 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I declare that this MA thesis, entitled Meanings of English prepositions “over, above, under and below” and their equivalent expressions in Vietnamese: A study in the light of Principled Polysemy, is entirely the result of my own work. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or tertiary institution, and to the best of my knowledge, neither does it contain material previously published or written by another person, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature Đỗ Tuấn Long v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Meanings of English prepositions over, above, under and below and their equivalent expressions in Vietnamese: A study in the light of Principled Polysemy Linguists have known that prepositions, especially spatial markers, develop their meanings in semantic networks in which the prototypical meaning is the core from which other extended senses develop.
One framework offering such kind of semantic network is Principled Polysemy introduced by Tyler and Evans in 2003. This study focuses on providing additional information for the meanings of the four English prepositions over, above, under, below beside works presented by Tyler and Evans. Comparative and contrastive methods were exploited to analyze data from three sources namely “Gone with the Wind”, “Vanity Fair” and 721 articles of contemporary topics on BBC and CNN. The results show that over has two online meanings, under possesses one meaning not analyzed by two framework founders.
Particularly, over in certain cases means because of (reason) and by (a means to do something), under is used to denote a situation or state that someone or something is experiencing. Additionally, graphic illustrations for extended senses of three prepositions above, under, below were added, which facilitates learners to better construe the semantics of the prepositions. The Vietnamese equivalents for those prepositions are presented systematically in the order of their appearances in the semantic networks, which makes learners‟ reference to those spatial markers more conveniently. vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc.Dr Lâm Quang Đông for transferring me his specialized knowledge, his inspiring me the love in linguistics as well as his valuable suggestions, advice and correction during my the thesis throughout.
I also take this opportunity to thank all my lecturers in the Department of Graduate Studies at University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for many of their interesting lectures, which have surely contributed to the foundation of my thesis. Finally, I would like to show my deep gratitude to my family, especially my wife for her support, encouragement and understanding, without which my theis would not have been accomplished. Hanoi, November 2016 Do Tuan Long vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study 1 2.
Objectives of the study 3 3. Structure of the thesis 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW & THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. Full-specification Approach 5 1. Principled Polysemy Framework 8 1.
Important tenets of Principled Polysemy Framework in the light of cognitive linguistics 12 1. Principles of contrasting English and Vietnamese 17 1. Principles of semantic extension from spatial to non-spatial 18 1. Chapter summary 20 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.
Research methods 22 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3. New findings for the meanings of over 25 3. New findings for the meanings of under 31 3. Research question 2 32 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Graphic illustrations for extended senses of above 32 3. Graphic illustrations for extended senses of under 38 3. Graphic illustrations for extended senses of below 43 3. Potential Vietnamese equivalents of over 49 3.2 Potential Vietnamese equivalents of above 58 3.
Vietnamese equivalents of under 60 3. Vietnamese equivalents of below 65 3. Chapter summary 67 PART C: CONCLUSION 1. Challenges and limitations 68 3.
Orientations to further research 69 REFERENCES 71 APPENDIX 76 ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Abbreviations CA Contrastive Analysis CL Cognitive Linguistics IELTS: International English Language Testing System, co-owned by University of Cambridge ESOL, British Council and IDP Education. L2 Second language LM: Landmark ESL English second language learners TR: Trajector ULIS-VNU: University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi x LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of tables Table 1.1: Schemas proposed by Lakoff (1987) for over besides the central schema Table 1.2: Analysis of “British Ambassador in hot water over joke” Table 3.2: Summarized information of over Table 3.3: Summarized information of above Table 3.4: Summarized information of under Table 3.5: Summarized information of below xi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of figures Figure 1.1: Central image schema Figure 1.2: The semantic network for over Figure 1.3: The semantic network for under Figure 1.4: The Rubin‟s vase Figure 1.5: The proto-scene of over Figure 3.1: The semantic network for above Figure 3.2: The More Sense of above Figure 3.3: The Superior Sense of above Figure 3.4: The Next-one-up Sense of above Figure 3.5: The Topographical-distance Sense of above Figure 3.6: The Less Sense of under Figure 3.7: The Control Sense of under Figure 3.8: The Covering Sense of under Figure 3.9: The Non-Existence Sense of under Figure 3.10: Semantic network for below Figure 3.11: The accurate semantic network for below Figure 3.12: The Less Sense of below Figure 3.13: The Inferior Sense of below Figure 3.14: The Next-one-down Sense of below Figure 3.15: The Topographical-distance Sense of below xii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study English prepositions are not easy for learners to acquire, and this is an obstacle for those who want to learn English successfully. Perhaps, one reason is that it is difficult to characterize the semantics of prepositions.
Take the two following sentences as an example (Tyler and Evans, 2003:65) (1.1) The picture is over the mantle.2) The picture is above the mantle. In fact, both sentences denote a configuration in which the Trajector (TR - the picture) is higher than the Landmark (LM - the mantle), and it is impossible to decide if there is a contact between the LM and the TR. However, another example posed by Tyler and Evans (2003) indicates something different.3) “Mary hung her jacket over the back of the chair.” is interpreted differently from the sentence (1.4) “Mary hung her jacket above the back of the chair”. It is universally known that when humans put a cloth or anything else on the back of the chair, that thing should be higher and in contact with the back of the chair.
In the sentence (1.3), the preposition over denotes what humans often perceptualize, the jacket is higher and in contact with the back of the chair. Yet, the meaning of sentence (1.4) is different; the jacket is higher and in no contact with the back of the chair. Furthermore, prepositions tend to develop a complex set of extended meanings, for example, under has developed at least 9 meanings 1, many of which do not appear to be systematically related. Tyler et al (2011) reviewed that although linguists have long been aware that prepositions develop complex polysemy networks, the meaning networks surrounding spatial markers (and the systematic processes of meaning extension from which they result) have only become the 1 Oxford Dictionary (8th Edition, Cambridge University Press) 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com foci of linguistic inquiry in the last 20 years.
The best descriptive grammars and dictionaries present the multiple meanings of prepositions as largely arbitrary. Three traditional linguists (Bloomfield, 1933; Frank, 1972; Chomsky, 1995) represented the semantics of English prepositions as arbitrary. As a result, memorization has been often suggested as the best strategy. However cognitive linguistics (CL) offers an alternative perspective, suggesting that the many distinct meanings associated with a particular preposition are related in systematic, principled ways (e., Brugman, 1988; Dewell, 1994; Dirven, 1993; Lakoff, 1987; Linder, 1982; Hawkins, 1988; Herskovits, 1986, 1988; Vandeloise, 1991, 1994).
In fact, after criticizing previous approaches to the semantics of English prepositions (i. monosemy and homonymy) and Lakoff‟s account to over, Tyler and Evans developed Principled Polysemy framework, which was described to fill the gaps that other scholars leave. Though the framework could explain clearly and (for the most part) convincingly how new meanings developed from established ones on the basis of experiential correlations, three weak points of the framework still exist. First, local and online construction of meaning (e.
over and under’s) was not fully analyzed as stated by Tyler and Evans. Additionally, graphic illustrations for extended senses of the other prepositions were not provided, which to some extent makes it difficult for readers to construe the semantic extension from spatial to non-spatial. Last but not least, Thora (2004) pointed out that the research results introduced by Tyler and Evans (2003) were somewhat vague as they claimed to use their native sense of language to investigate English prepositions‟ semantics. Scopus linguistics was not in use to collect data; hence, it needs revising to confirm the results.
The context discussed above inspired me to conduct a study for my M.A thesis entitled Meanings of English prepositions "over, above, under and below" and 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com their equivalent expressions in Vietnamese: A study in the light of Principled Polysemy. Objectives of the study As mentioned in the previous part, this thesis aims at filling out the gaps that Tyler and Evans left in analyzing the semantics of the four prepositions. First, we wish to find out the local and online construction meaning of over and under in the light of Principled Polysemy beside works done by Tyler and Evans. In addition, basing on the analysis of the data collected with reference to the theoretical framework Principled Polysemy, we will provide graphic illustrations for extended senses of above, under and below.
The third objective is to discover potential Vietnamese equivalents for those spatial particles, which to some extent may facilitate the acquisition of those spatial languages. Those objectives are realized via the following research questions. Research questions This study is conducted to provide answers to three research questions: 1. What are the new findings for the meanings of the four prepositions besides those presented by Tyler and Evans in the light of Principled Polysemy? 2.
What are graphic illustrations for each extended sense of the four prepositions in the light of Principled Polysemy? 3. What are potential Vietnamese equivalents of those prepositions? 4. Structure of the thesis The thesis consists of three main parts. In the first part - Introduction – the rationale, objectives of the thesis and three research questions are presented.