BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Dissertation THE NEURONAL CIRCUITRY UNDERLYING THE REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN RATS by HEATH DONMAR SCHMIDT B., George Washington University, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2007 UMI Number: 3232920 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Approved by First Reader R. Christopher Pierce, Ph. Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry Second Reader E20 Tre Ph.D Professor of Pharmacolo To my parents, with gratitude and love 11 Acknowledgments To the members of my dissertation thesis committee: Thank you Drs. Terrell Gibbs, Bryan Yamamoto, Jiang-Fan Chen and Kathleen Kantak.
Your stimulating discussions and expert advice have helped to focus and guide these experiments. Your extensive reviews and constructive criticisms of this manuscript have resulted in a substantially improved thesis. Carol Walsh: You were instrumental in guiding me through the graduate program. Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to serve as a teaching assistant and lecturer in your classes.
These experiences have helped me realize that | have the potential to be an effective teacher. Chris Pierce: My scientific accomplishments would not have been possible without your consistent motivation and enthusiasm. | am grateful to have you as a mentor, role model and friend. Under your tutelage, | have learned many valuable lessons, including (but not limited to): “Don’t do dumb things.” Thank you for all of the professional and personal advice that you have shared with me over the years.
To Katie Famous: You have been a source of strength for me ever since you joined the lab. | am grateful for your companionship and your ability to make me laugh. Thank you for your support and patience. To Ausaf Bari: In a lab overrun with women, your friendship provided me with balance.
Thank you for imparting your enthusiasm for neuroscience to me. iv To Dr. Sharon Anderson: Thank you for taking me under your wing and teaching me how to design and execute a reinstatement experiment. Your friendship, advice and support helped guide me through this process.
Stephanie Licata and Dr. Ghazaleh Sadri-Vakili: Your moral support and friendship helped me overcome the growing pains that | experienced as an incoming graduate student. Thank you for all of the professional and personal advice that you have bestowed upon me over the years. To Judy Yee and Julia Hoy: Your technical assistance allowed me to be more productive.
Thank you for your dedication to these experiments. To the other members of the Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology (Audrey Pierce-Bancroft, Patrick Ingham, Justin Dunn, Natasha D’Agostini, Delia Silva, Christina Ferrari, Dr. Ruth Reeves, Brian Inderweis, Dr. Vidhya Kumaresan): Thank you for your support and encouragement.
Your friendship has made working seven days a weeka little bit easier. To Kiera and Adam: | truly admire how passionate and successful you have been in your careers. Thank you for all of your support. To my grandmother: Thank you for believing in me and teaching me how to be critical.
To my parents: | am grateful for your love and support. You have taught me how to be a compassionate, responsible, hard-working man. Thank you for always having faith in me. | am truly blessed to have such wonderful parents.
THE NEURONAL CIRCUITRY UNDERLYING THE REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN RATS (Order No. ) HEATH DONMAR SCHMIDT Boston University School of Medicine, 2007 Major Professor: R. Christopher Pierce, Ph., Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry ABSTRACT The anatomical and neurochemical bases underlying cocaine priming-induced reinstatement, an animal model of relapse, have been studied in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cocaine craving in human addicts. In order to determine which biogenic amine was responsible for cocaine reinstatement, selective dopamine (GBR 12909), serotonin (fluoxetine), or norepinephrine (nisoxetine) transporter inhibitors were administered systemically to assess their ability to induce cocaine seeking in rats.
Administration of GBR 12909, but not nisoxetine or fluoxetine, dose-dependently reinstated cocaine seeking, suggesting that increased dopamine levels in the rodent brain are the primary neurochemical trigger for reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Although increases in dopamine transmission in the brain are clearly involved in reinstatement, the role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in cocaine priming-induced vi reinstatement remains controversial. The goal of the next series of experiments was to evaluate the relative contributions of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Dopamine receptor agonists were microinjected into the accumbens core or shell in order to assess their ability to induce cocaine seeking.
Administration of the D1-like agonist SKF-81297 or the D2/3 agonist quinpirole into the shell, but not the core, reinstated cocaine seeking. Intra-accumbal shell administration of the D2-like antagonist sulpiride blocked the ability of SKF-81297 to induce reinstatement. Quinpirole-induced reinstatement was blocked by intra-accumbal shell administration of the D1-like antagonist SCH-23390. Moreover, subthreshold doses of quinpirole and SKF-81297 co-infused into the shell reinstated cocaine seeking.
Collectively, these results indicate that cooperative activation of D1- like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the accumbens shell is necessary to reinstate - cocaine-seeking behavior. The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in cocaine reinstatement was also assessed. Administration of SKF-81297 into the mPFC reinstated cocaine seeking. Microinfusion of the glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX into the PPTg attenuated cocaine priming-induced reinstatement.
Moreover, intra-VTA administration of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine, or CNQX attenuated cocaine priming-induced reinstatement. Overall, these findings suggest that cocaine reinstatement is mediated in part by a polysynaptic circuit involving the mPFC, PPTg, VTA and nucleus accumbens. vii Table of Contents Title Page.- TH nọ Ỉ Reader's Approval Page. --L nghe ii Dedication.-c ch Ki v k iii Acknowledgements.
cee eee ees eee cesses nh see HH testes see xe. vi IE 9) -Toáe. viii List Of TADIOS. xviii List of Figur©S.
nr nn KH kg kg kh xix List Of AbbreviafiOnS. LH HH nhọ T r xxiii I. Chapter 1: General Introducfion. HH re rku A.
HH ng 1 kh 2 1. Short-Term Effects of Cocaine Ủse. Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Ủse. Dopamine, Psychostimulants and Addiction.
¿TT ng ng ng Tnhh nhờ 7 1. Pharmacology and Function. Dopamine and Cocaine Reinforcemernt. Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Receptors and Cocaine ReiNfOrceMent.
Nucleus Accumbens: Interface Between Limbic and Motor Nuclei. Nucleus Accumbens Core versus Shell. Reinstatement of Drug-Seeking Behavior: An Animal Model of J. Reinstatement Paradigms: Advantages and Disadvantages.
Dopamine and Cocaine Priming-Induced Reinstatement. Role of Nucleus Accumbens Subregions in Priming-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking. Role of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Receptor Signaling in Cocaine Reinstatement. Medial Prefrontal Cortical Subregions: The Anterior Cingulate, Prelimbic and Infralimbic Corftices.
Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Subregions in Cocaine Priming-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking. Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus: A Possible Limbic-Motor Q. Role of the PPTg in Cocaine Reinforcemeini. A Potential Role for the PPTg in the Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior.
Chapter 2: Materials and Methods. Animals and Housing. QC HH Tnhh kh kh ix B. LH ng HH TH nu KH TK gi KH ki Ki vs 36 1.
Surgery: Catheter lImplantation. Surgery: Stereotaxic Brain Surgery.ccehhhhhe 37 Cocaine Self-Administration and Extinction Training. General Experimental Outline. Biogenic Amine Transporter Inhibitors.
Dopamine Receptor Agonists in the Nucleus Accumbens. mPFC, PPTg and VTA Subcircuit. nhe 47 Food Reinstatement. nh khe 48 Histology and Verification of Cannulae Placements.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis. 0° cc ccccccccccceeceeceeceeeeceencucaeeeeaeacaeeceseceeseeeseeeseeeeseeseeeeeseegs 50 Ill. Chapter 3: Biogenic Amine Transporter Inhibitors and Cocaine Reinstatement. HH Hàn HT 51 A.
eee eee HT HT ki kh 52 1.-Lc chi, 53 =2 a 6ố4AẢđđ. Reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Systemic administration of a dopamine, but not a serotonin or norepinephrine, transporter inhibitor reinstates cocaine SEEKING in the raf.- HH ng ng và 55 >>. The role of increased dopamine transmission in cocaine FEINSTATEMENE «0.
HH KH KD 57 2. The role of increased serotonin transmission in cocaine reinstatemen{L. nh ng kh Brrt 58 3. The role of noradrenergic transmission in cocaine reinstatemen(L.
Summary and Conclusions.- nhe 60 Chapter 4: Activation of Dopamine Receptor Subtypes in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell: Differential Roles in Cocaine-Seeking Behavior.-- HH khe ke 62 Njhov si.-- - --LQ TQ nnnnn Hee 65 Na -' 5. Reinstatement of cocaine SEEKING. Intra-accumbal administration of the D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF-81297. Microinjection into the shell reinstates cocaine TT) be ƯƯưaaỎồỎÚẮ.
Microinjection into the core does not reinstate COCAINE seeking. Microinjection into the lateral septum does not reinstate Cocaine seeking. Intra-accumbal administration of the D2/3 preferring dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. Microinjection into the shell reinstates cocaine seeking.
Microinjection into the core does not reinstate COCAINE SCOKING. Microinjection into the lateral septum does not reinstate Cocaine SECKING. Intra-accumbal administration of the selective D3 dopamine receptor agonist PD 128,907. Microinjection into the shell or core does not reinstate Cocaine seeking.
Intra-accumbal administration of the selective D4 dopamine receptor agonist PD 168,077. Microinjection into the shell or core does not reinstate Cocaine seeking.- neo 76 2x =) ce) (00) 78 se. The role of accumbal D1-like dopamine receptors in cocaine priming-induced reinstatement. The role of accumbal D2-like dopamine receptors in the reinstatement of cocaine seeking.
co siee 82 xii 3. Functional implications of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens. Nucleus accumbens dopamine and the reinstatement of COCAINE seeking.--- - - ch nn HH nh kg 84 5. Limbic circuits underlying reinstatement of cocaine seeking.
Summary and Coneclusions. ác nhe 87 Chapter 5: Cooperative Activation of D1-like and D2-like Dopamine Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell and the Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behaviol. - c nnnnnnn ng hưng 91 B. Reinstatement of cocaine seeking.
Intra-accumbal shell administration of the D2/3 dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride. Blocks SKF-induced reinstatement of cocaine SCOKIING eee ecccccccccccccecceceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 93 3. Intra-accumbal shell administration of the D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist SCH-23390 0. Blocks quinpirole-induced reinstatement of cocaine SCOKING 0.
Intra-accumbal shell administration of subthreshold doses of SKF-81297 and quinpirole reinstates cocaine-seeking DEN AVION ÌrI PALS oo. ee cccecceeccecceecececcuarensescucenseeceeceeecerenseraes 98 xiii to [1 0) 0) 0) ‹-‹. Nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor subtypes and cocaine priming-induced reinstatement. Cooperative activation of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
Nucleus accumbens shell projections and cooperative interaction between D1-like and D2 dopamine receptors. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cooperative interaction between D1-like and D2 dopamine receptors. Summary and Conclusions. Chapter 6: A Novel Role for the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus in Cocaine Priming-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking.
109 Nào on ốc. Reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Administration of the D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF-81297 into the medial prefrontal cortex. Microinjection of SKF-81297 into the mPFC reinstates cocaine seeking.
Administration of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX into the pedunculopontine tegmental NUCIOQUS oo. Microinjection of CNQX into the PPTg attenuates cocaine priming-induced reinstatement. Microinjection of CNQX into the PPTg does not influence food SECKING. Administration of CNQX into the ventral tegmental area.
Microinjection of CNQX into the VTA attenuates cocaine priming-induced reinstatement. Microinjection of CNQX into the VTA does not influence food seeking. Administration of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine into the VTA. Microinjection of mecamylamine into the VTA attenuates cocaine priming-induced reinstatement.
Microinjection of mecamylamine into the VTA does not influence food seeking. Administration of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine into the VTA.