VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST GRADUATE STUDIES ******** LƯU THỊ LAN PHƯƠNG THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY FIRST-YEAR ENGLISH-MAJOR STUDENTS AT ACADEMY OF FINANCE WHEN LEARNING THE READING SKILL IN THE COURSE BOOK INTELLIGENT BUSINESS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE) NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN MÀ SINH VIÊN NĂM THỨ NHẤT CHUYÊN ANH, HỌC VIỆN TÀI CHÍNH, GẶP PHẢI KHI HỌC KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC TRONG GIÁO TRÌNH INTELLIGENT BUSINESS, PRE-INTERMEDIATE MA Minor Programme thesis Field: English Methodology Code: 60. Lâm Phúc Hân HANOI- SEPTEMBER 2009 z TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT ………….……iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…….iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS….v LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES…………………………….vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.2 Significance and aims of the study ……………………………………………….4 Methods of the study …………………………………….5 Scope of the study ……………………………………….6 Design of the study .……………………………………………………………… 4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 An overview of reading and reading comprehension .1 Definition of reading and reading comprehension .1 Definition of reading .2 Definition of reading comprehension ……………………………………….2 ESP and Reading comprehension in ESP ……………………………………….1 Definition of ESP and reading comprehension in ESP .2 Types of reading exercises in ESP .3 Reading difficulties for language learners ……………………………………….1 Reading skill problems ….3 Background knowledge problems .2 An introduction of course book “Intelligent Business” (pre-intermediate) and the current context of learning reading skill in this book .1 General description of course book “Intelligent Business” (pre-intermediate) .1 Aims and approaches …………………………………………………………14 2.2 Design and organization .2 Characteristics of reading texts and reading exercises ………………….1 Characteristics of reading texts ……………………………………………….2 Characteristics of reading exercises .3 Current situation of teaching course book …………………………………….1 Length of the course and time allocation for reading skill .3 Students and their background .1 Context of the study ………………………………………………………………21 3.2 The subject and participants .3 Data collection instruments .4 Data collection procedure .5 Data analysis procedure ……………….…25 Chapter 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Difficulties encountered by the students when learning reading skill ……………26 4.1 Data analysis of the classroom observation …………………………………….2 Students’ reading difficulties in terms of reading skills …………………….3 Students’ reading difficulties in terms of background knowledge .4 Students’ reading difficulties in terms of vocabulary ………………………….5 Students’ reading difficulties in terms of other areas .2 Pedagogical implication and suggestions .1 Training students to become efficient readers .1 Training students with different reading strategies .2 Assigning and checking students’ fulfillment of homework …………………37 4.3 Encouraging students’ extensive reading habits ………………………….2 Improving economic background knowledge for the first year students at FFL 38 4.3 The teachers’ being aware of their students’ needs ……….4 The Academy of Finance’s being aware of the needs of the students at FFL .1 Summary of the study …………………………………………………………….1 Limitations and Suggestions for further study .i APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………ii z LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1: The vicious circle of the weak readers Figure 2: The Virtuous Circle of a Good Reader Tables Table 1: Students’ reading difficulties in terms of reading skills Table 2: Students’ reading difficulties in terms of background knowledge Table 3: Students’ reading difficulties in terms of vocabulary Table 4: Students’ reading difficulties in terms of other areas z 1 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationales It is the fact that nowadays English has been widely used in every field, especially in business, in which it plays an important role in communication in general, and in business transaction in particular. Thus, there is a growing demand for English language teaching to meet the needs of a new generation of learners who want to learn English to “gain access to the required knowledge that is available, either exclusively or most readily, in English” (Munby, 1978: 3) or to serve other different specific purposes. That leads to the coming into being of English for Specific Purposes (ESP).
Being thoroughly alert to the importance of ESP, Academy of Finance decided to officially set up the Faculty of Foreign Languages which specializes in training the students with economics knowledge in English. In the faculty, English is considered as a major subject and it is taught with the purpose that the students will take it professionally in their future work. Thus to make English study fully suitable for the learners’ practical needs, great attention is paid to teaching and learning English of economics. In teaching and learning Business English, reading has always received a great deal of attention.
Generally, this is understandable since teaching English in Vietnam provide students with the abilities to understand the written materials and to communicate in English. Moreover, English is learnt and taught in a non- native environment. That is the reason why reading is not only an important means to gain knowledge but also a means by which further study takes place. Carrel (1981: 1) asserts that “for many students, reading is by far the most important of the four macro-skills, particularly in English as a second foreign language”.
This is extremely true to the first year students of the FFL at Academy of Finance because reading helps them to make extensive use of academic materials written in English and this is a good way to enable them to improve their professional knowledge in their specific or specialized fields. However, there is plenty of evidence that the students at FFL often face difficulties as follows: z 2 - There has been almost no research work touching upon reading difficulties of the students at FFL. - Most first year students at FFL have not had experience in learning ESP before. - The students are not of equal level of English.
- The course book Intelligent Business is totally new to them The aforesaid situation of ESP learning at FFL, Academy of Finance has aroused the researcher’s interest and forced her to dedicate her efforts to the writing of “The difficulties encountered by first-year English-major students at Academy of Finance when learning the reading skill in course book Intelligent Business (pre-intermediate).2 Significance and aims of the study This study may provide information about the reading difficulties that the first year students at FFL face. Pedagogical implication and suggestions given in this study are believed to be relevant to improving the learning of reading at FFL. Hopefully, the study will make some contributions to the improvement of teaching and learning reading economics at FFL, Academy of Finance. The study is aimed at: 1) Better understanding the concepts of reading, reading comprehension and reading comprehension in ESP.
2) Finding out some difficulties in dealing with reading skills in the course book Intelligent Business. 3) Giving some pedagogical implication and suggestions to improve the learning of reading skill at FFL, Academy of Finance.3 Research Questions The above aims of the study can be realized by the following research questions: (i) What is the present context of learning reading in course book Intelligent Business, pre-intermediate? z 3 (ii) What are reading difficulties encountered by the first year students when dealing with the Intelligent Business, pre-intermediate? (iii) What are possible solutions to help them overcome those difficulties? In order to find out the answers to the research questions, some sub-questions shall be dealt with: (i) What are students’ reading difficulties in terms of reading skills? (ii) What are students’ reading difficulties in terms of vocabulary? (iii) What are students’ reading difficulties in terms of back ground knowledge? Once difficulties are found, feasible solutions to overcome those difficulties will be suggested.4 Methods of the study The study is carried out in terms of both theory and practice. First, the theoretical background of the study mainly relies on many published books written by different authors famous for ESP teaching and learning. Second, the study is carried out with data collected from two different sources: (1) a survey done on 112 FFL first-year students to collect information about their views of reading difficulties and causes of them.
(2) class observations on three classes of first year students at FFL to observe students’ reaction, involvements, etc, in reading classes which are needed to help design questions in survey questionnaire.5 Scope of the study It is impossible to cover every aspect of language theory and practice in this study. Therefore, the study focuses on difficulties in learning reading encountered by students at FFL, Academy of Finance. It is not proposed to deal with other skills: speaking, writing or listening skills. And other subjects of the study are the first year students and limited to course book Intelligent Business, pre-intermediate.6 Design of the study The study is divided into five chapters: - Chapter one introduces rationales, significance and aims of the study, research questions, methods as well as scope of the study.
- Chapter two deals with an overview of the theoretical background of the research. It is concerned with the issues relevant to the topic of the research: reading and reading comprehension, ESP and reading comprehension in ESP, the reading difficulties experienced by language learners and an introduction of course book Intelligent Business and the current context of learning reading skill in the book. - Chapter three presents the research methodology in details covering context of the study, the subject and participants, data collection instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis procedure. - Chapter four mentions the result of the study including the exploration of difficulties encountered by the students when learning reading skill and it also gives some pedagogical implication and suggestions.
- Chapter five is the conclusions summarizing the main issues in the study and mentioning limitation and suggestions for further study. z 5 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW With the aim of providing a theoretical background to this study, this chapter will deal with a review of issues most relevant to the thesis’s topic: Definition of reading and reading comprehension, ESP and Reading comprehension in ESP, and an introduction of the course book “Intelligent Business” (pre-intermediate) and the current context of learning reading skill in this book.1 An overview of reading and reading comprehension 2.1 Definition of reading and reading comprehension 2.1 Definition of reading Reading is one of the most complicated forms of information processing. Different scholars have looked at reading from different angles and have reached somewhat different conclusions about the nature of reading. Discrepancy of views has partly been the result of the different purposes with which researchers have approached reading.
While some have studied reading to uncover the underlying processes, others have tried to identify its sub-skills for teaching and testing purposes. Each view on reading reflects what reading is to the scholar who presents that view. Williams, E (1990: 2) stated that reading “is a process whereby one looks at and understands what has been written”. According to Goodman (1971: 135), reading “is a psycholinguistic process by which the reader, a language user, reconstructs, as best as he can, a message which has been encoded by a writer as a graphic display”.
From Goodman’s point of view, this act of reconstruction is viewed as “a cyclical process of sampling, predicting, testing, and confirming”. Taking the same view on reading, especially on the “act of reconstruction” as Goodman, Nuttall (1982: 4) asserts that “reading is getting a message from a text”. According to Harmer (1989: 153), reading “is an exercise dominated by the eyes and the brain. The eyes receive messages and the brain then has to work out the significance of these messages”.
Harmer also focuses on the speed of this mechanical process “a reading text moves at a speed of the reader” which means that the reader is the one who decides how fast he wants to read the text. z 6 In addition, reading is defined as “a developmental process”. We learn reading not only to learn how to read the text, to master grammatical structures, the sound, etc. but also to understand the content expressed in the text or to develop the ability of re-expressing the author’s ideas in our own words To sum up, attempts to define reading have been numerous, and various among different scholars.
However, no definition can reveal all the features and ideas of what reading is.