iii ABSTRACT Guessing the meanings of unknown words from context has been considered to be an effective skill in vocabulary acquisition and language skills development. In order to study the effectiveness of the guesswork, this research investigated the guessing ability of fifty-nine non-English 10th graders at Nguyen Trai Gifted High School, Hai Duong, through two tests. A pre-test was given to students to identify their guessing ability before training. After the training period, which lasted three weeks, the students were required to do a post-test to find out their improvement in the guessing ability.
In addition, the author surveyed ten English teachers at Nguyen Trai Gifted High School to get their opinions on teaching and training the guessing strategy. The results indicated that the ability to guess is useful for students to deal with reading texts containing new words. Finally, the findings were discussed, and some suggestions and implications for applying the guessing skill in language teaching and learning were also proposed at the end of the thesis. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL: English as a Foreign Language ELT: English Language Teaching LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Chart 1: The pre-test results Chart 2: Teachers’ ways of dealing with new words Chart 3: The frequency of using the guessing skill Chart 4: The problems relating to using the guessing skill Chart 5: Teachers’ solutions to the problems Chart 6: The post-test results Table 1: The students’ ability to use the guessing techniques Table 2: The effectiveness of the guessing techniques LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration.
iii List of abbreviations ………………………………………………………………….iv List of charts, and tables …………………………………………………………. iv Table of contents …………………………………………………………….v PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Aims of the study ………………………………………………………………………2 3. Scope of the study.
Significance of the study ………………………………………………………………. Methods of the study ………. Design of the study ……………………………………………………………………. 3 PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.
Definition of context ………………. Guessing the meanings of unknown words from context as a technique of vocabulary teaching and learning ……………. Some previous studies on guessing the meanings of unknown words from contexts. Learner-strategy training …………………………….
The setting of the study and participants…………………………………………. Three main stages of the action research ………………………………………. Pre – Improvement stage ………………………………………………. 18 Step 1: Identifying the problem ……………………………………………………….…18 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Giving a pre-test to evaluate students’ guessing ability …………. Conducting an informal interview about the way the students guessed …….…18 Step 2: Finding causes of the problem ………………………………………………. Consulting with colleagues …………………………………………………… 19 2. Reading professional books/ journals for ideas and suggestions ……………… 19 2.
Trying – out stage ………………………………………………………….……19 Step 3: Designing strategies for improvements ………………………………………. 19 Step 4: Trying out strategies and making notes on what happened in the class …………21 2. Post – Improvement stage …………………………………………………….…22 Step 5: Evaluating the try – out …………………………………………………………. Giving a post-test to evaluate the students’ improvement ……………….
Designing a questionnaire for students to identify the techniques that they have used to guess the meanings of unknown words …………………………………. Conducting an informal interview to identify the changes ……………………. Data analysis procedure ………………………………………………………….… 23 Chapter summary ……………………………………………………………………… 23 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 3. The results of the instruments before the training period …………………….
The results of the pre-test …………………………………………………………24 3.2 The results of the interview …………………………. The results of the questionnaire for the teachers ……………………………. The results of the instruments after the training period …………………………….1 The results of the post-test ………………………………………………………. The results of interviews ……………………………………………………….3 The results of the questionnaire for the students ………………………………….36 PART THREE: CONCLUSION 1.
Summary of the findings ………………………………………………………. Limitations of the study ……………………………………………………………. Suggestions for further research …………………. 40 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vii References ……………………………………………………………………………… 41 Appendix A: Text for the pre-test ……………………………………….……………… I Appendix B: Questionnaire for teachers …………………………………………………II Appendix C: Training lesson 1 …………………………………………………….…… III Appendix D: Training lesson 2 ……………………………………………………….VIII Appendix E: Training lesson 3 ……………………………………………………….X Appendix F: Text for the post-test …………………………………………………….XI Appendix G: Questionnaire for students …………………….
XII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1 PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Vocabulary acquisition has always received a great deal of attention in any language learning process. In English language learning, vocabulary is extremely important as there are many words in the English language. Reading texts are often potential sources for students to improve their vocabulary stocks.
While reading a text, students encounter new words and to comprehend the content of the text they have to know the meanings of these words. The most common phenomenon that can be observed in non-major classes of English in Nguyen Trai Gifted High School is that when students see an unknown word, they will turn to bilingual dictionaries or ask their teacher for its meaning. This results in students’ over-reliance on the bilingual dictionaries and their teachers while the reading speed may be slowed down. More seriously, they may easily forget the meaning of the unknown word as they have no difficulty getting its meaning.
In fact, the comprehension of words involves a series of skills or activities, one of which is guessing the meaning of unknown words from context. This reading strategy has a long history of research with the great majority of studies demonstrating its value. It has often been suggested that learning vocabulary through context should be employed as the main approach to enhancing vocabulary knowledge. A number of researchers such as Clarke and Nation (1980) and Gairns and Redman (1986) have claimed that to learn words in context and not in isolation is an effective vocabulary learning strategy.
Therefore, enabling students to derive word meanings with the help of contextual clues has become a teacher’s main task in order to increase students’ vocabulary. Despite the fact that guessing the meanings of unknown words from context has proved to be an invaluable strategy in the learning of English vocabulary, it has not been formally and carefully introduced into English classes in high schools in Vietnam. Some research on reading strategies has mentioned this strategy as a good one but little attempt has been made to instruct teachers in training students with this skill; and more importantly, little has been made to investigate the effectiveness of this strategy on the improvement of students’ proficiency of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Therefore, I decided to carry out this study to explore whether this strategy was suitable for my students and if it was suitable, how I, as an English teacher, could do to develop my students’ guessing ability.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Aims of the study The study was carried out to: (1). Find out how effective guessing the meaning of unknown words from context was. Suggest some realistic and appropriate pedagogical implications to improve students’ ability in guessing the meaning of unknown words from contexts.
Research questions To achieve the aims and objectives of the thesis, the following research questions were proposed: (1) How effective is guessing the meanings of unknown words from context? (2) In what conditions are students more successful in guessing the meanings of unknown words from context? (3) What factors limit the effectiveness of guessing unknown words from context? 4. Scope of the study The main purpose of the study is to find out how much students can do with the guesswork and to help them improve the skill of guessing the meanings of unknown words from context. The study only focuses on non-English 10th graders at Nguyen Trai Gifted High School, Hai Duong, so the results of the study are not applied for all students at the school. Significance of the study Guessing the meanings of unknown words from context has been approved by many researchers as an effective strategy in improving learners’ vocabulary.
However, there has been little practical attempt in applying this strategy to classrooms due to the ignorance of both teachers as well as learners of its advantages. For that reason, it is hoped that this study will provide both theoretical and practical foundation for the teachers and learners to make use of this strategy while teaching and learning the reading skill. Furthermore, this is a good chance for the teachers and learners at Nguyen Trai Gifted High School to assess the effectiveness of a useful strategy – the strategy for guessing the meanings of unknown words from context. Hopefully, this strategy will make students more confident when encountering new words in reading texts and motivate them to enrich their vocabulary knowledge.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Methods of the study With reference to its characteristics, this thesis can be categorized as an action research. Both qualitative and quantitative methods would be employed to carry out the study. The following methods were applied to collect data for this study: Two tests were used to evaluate the students’ guessing ability before and after the training period.
A survey questionnaire was specifically designed for the teachers of English to find out their opinions on the ways to teach students to guess. Another questionnaire was given to the students to identify the techniques which they had used to guess. In order to get further information about the ways the students had used to guess, informal interviews with students were also conducted before and after the training period. Design of the study The study consists of three main parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion.
Part 1: Introduction presents the rationale, the aims of the study, the research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the methodology and the design of the study. Part 2: Development consists of Chapter one “Literature Review”, Chapter two “Methodology” and Chapter three “Findings and Discussion”. Chapter one, “Literature Review”, aims at presenting the theoretical background for the thesis. The most important notions related to guessing the meanings of unknown words from context are introduced.
Chapter two, namely “Methodology”, describes the study and the methodology underlying the research. This chapter provides the background information of the instruments used to collect the data, the procedure of data collection and the procedure of data analysis. Chapter three, “Findings and Discussions”, presents findings and discussions on the study and some suggestions for teaching and using the guessing skill. Part 3: Conclusion restates the main points discussed in the study, some conclusions drawn from the findings, limitations of the study and suggestions for further study.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the author will clarify several concepts concerning the strategy of guessing the meanings of unknown words from context. In addition, different issues relating to this strategy will also be presented. Definition of context In linguistics, the term “context” is a widely used concept by many researchers; however, defining it is not as easy as it may seem. A number of scholars have given some definitions for this term.
As Nation and Coady (1988:102) put it, “context is also referred to as morphological, syntactic and discourse information in a given test, which can be classified and described in terms of general features”. Gough (1984, as cited in Dycus, 1997) provides a similar but clearer view of context that at a basic level, context can be seen as information and in turn, information reduces uncertainty. In reading, context can be defined as information that reduces uncertainty about the elements of a text, their meanings, and the meaning of a text as a whole. Nevertheless, of the many theoretical descriptions of the elements and nature of context, Bialystok (1983, as cited in Dycus, 1997) offers a broad sense of context.
She proposes that context exists in relation and proportion to the reader’s implicit knowledge (intuitive and unanalyzed knowledge of the second language), other knowledge (knowledge of other languages and world knowledge), and context (linguistic and physical aspects of a text which provide clues to meaning).