net Performance What is Materials Science and Engineering? Cost Synthesis and Composition Processing Structure Macro-Scale Structure Engine Block ≡ up to 1 meter Unit Cell Performance Criteria Microstructure Power generated - Grains Efficiency ≡ 1–10 millimeters Durability Cost Properties affected Microstructure High cycle fatigue - Dendrites and Phases www.net Ductility ≡ 50–500 micrometers Nano-structure Properties affected - Precipitates Yield strength ≡ 3–100 nanometers Ultimate tensile strength Properties affected High cycle fatigue Yield strength Atomic-scale structure Low cycle fatigue Ultimate tensile strength ≅ 1–100 Angstroms Thermal growth Low cycle fatigue Properties affected Ductility Ductility Young’s modulus Thermal growth A real-world example of important microstructural features at different length-scales resulting from the sophisticated synthesis and processing used, and the properties they influence. The atomic, nano, micro, and macro-scale structures of cast aluminum alloys (for engine blocks) in relation to the properties affected and performance are shown. The materials science and engineering (MSE) tetrahedron that represents this approach is shown in the upper right corner. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. (Illustrations Courtesy of John Allison and William Donlon, Ford Motor Company.) ■ Units and conversion factors 1 pound (lb) ⫽ 4.448 Newtons (N) 1 psi ⫽ pounds per square inch 1 MPa ⫽ MegaPascal ⫽ MegaNewtons per square meter (MN/m2) ⫽ Newtons per square millimeter (N/mm2) ⫽ 1,000,000 Pa 1 GPa ⫽ 1000 MPa ⫽ GigaPascal 1 ksi ⫽ 1000 psi ⫽ 6.145 ksi ⫽ 145 psi ■ Some useful relationships, constants, and units Electron volt ⫽ 1 eV ⫽ 1.6 ⫻ 10⫺12 erg 1 amp ⫽ 1 coulomb/second 1 volt ⫽ 1 amp ⭈ ohm kBT at room temperature (300 K) ⫽ 0.0259 eV c ⫽ speed of light 2.998 ⫻ 108 m/s eo ⫽ permittivity of free space ⫽ 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 F/m q ⫽ charge on electron ⫽ 1.6 ⫻ 10⫺19 C Avogadro constant NA ⫽ 6.022 ⫻ 1023 kB ⫽ Boltzmann constant ⫽ 8.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. The Science and Engineering of Materials Sixth Edition www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. The Science and Engineering of Materials Sixth Edition Donald R. Askeland University of Missouri—Rolla, Emeritus Pradeep P.
Fulay University of Pittsburgh Wendelin J. Wright Bucknell University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. The Science and Engineering of Materials, © 2011, 2006 Cengage Learning Sixth Edition Authors Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the P.
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To Mary Sue and Tyler –Donald R. Askeland To Jyotsna, Aarohee, and Suyash –Pradeep P. Fulay To John, as we begin the next wonderful chapter in our life together –Wendelin J.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 3 1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering? 4 1-2 Classification of Materials 7 1-3 Functional Classification of Materials 11 1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure 13 1-5 Environmental and Other Effects 13 1-6 Materials Design and Selection 16 Summary 17 | Glossary 18 | Problems 19 Chapter 2 Atomic Structure 23 2-1 The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance 24 2-2 The Structure of the Atom 27 2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 29 2-4 The Periodic Table 32 2-5 Atomic Bonding 34 2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing 41 2-7 The Many Forms of Carbon: Relationships Between Arrangements of Atoms and Materials Properties 44 Summary 48 | Glossary 50 | Problems 52 Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 55 3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 56 3-2 Amorphous Materials 58 3-3 Lattice, Basis, Unit Cells, and Crystal Structures 60 3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 72 3-5 Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell 73 3-6 Interstitial Sites 84 3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 86 3-8 Covalent Structures 92 3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis 96 Summary 100 | Glossary 102 | Problems 104 www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. viii CONTENTS Chapter 4 Imperfections in the Atomic and lonic Arrangements 113 4-1 Point Defects 114 4-2 Other Point Defects 120 4-3 Dislocations 122 4-4 Significance of Dislocations 130 4-5 Schmid’s Law 131 4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure 134 4-7 Surface Defects 135 4-8 Importance of Defects 141 Summary 144 | Glossary 145 | Problems 147 Chapter 5 Atom and Ion Movements in Materials 155 5-1 Applications of Diffusion 156 5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions 159 5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion 161 5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion 163 5-5 Rate of Diffusion [Fick’s First Law] 164 5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion 168 5-7 Permeability of Polymers 176 5-8 Composition Profile [Fick’s Second Law] 177 5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing 182 Summary 187 | Glossary 188 | Problems 190 Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties: Part One 197 6-1 Technological Significance 198 6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties 199 6-3 The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress–Strain Diagram 204 6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test 208 6-5 True Stress and True Strain 216 6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials 218 6-7 Hardness of Materials 221 6-8 Nanoindentation 223 6-9 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 227 6-10 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test 228 6-11 Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Mechanical Behavior 231 6-12 Mechanical Behavior at Small Length Scales 233 Summary 235 | Glossary 236 | Problems 239 www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. CONTENTS ix (a) Chapter 7 Mechanical Properties: Part Two 247 (b) 7-1 Fracture Mechanics 248 7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 250 (c) 7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 254 7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites 258 7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis 260 7-6 Fatigue 265 7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test 268 7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing 270 7-9 Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion 274 7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior 276 7-11 Use of Creep Data 278 Summary 280 | Glossary 280 | Problems 282 Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing 291 8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 292 8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 297 8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work 299 8-4 Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses 301 8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working 306 8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing 308 8-7 Control of Annealing 311 8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing 313 8-9 Hot Working 315 Summary 317 | Glossary 318 | Problems 320 Chapter 9 Principles of Solidification 329 9-1 Technological Significance 330 9-2 Nucleation 330 9-3 Applications of Controlled Nucleation 335 9-4 Growth Mechanisms 336 9-5 Solidification Time and Dendrite Size 338 9-6 Cooling Curves 343 9-7 Cast Structure 344 9-8 Solidification Defects 346 9-9 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 351 www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
x CONTENTS 9-10 Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting 353 9-11 Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth 357 9-12 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 359 9-13 Joining of Metallic Materials 360 Summary 362 | Glossary 363 | Problems 365 Chapter 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium 375 10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram 376 10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions 380 10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility 382 10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening 384 10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams 387 10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram 395 10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy 397 10-8 Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation 399 Summary 403 | Glossary 404 | Problems 405 Chapter 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 413 11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening 414 11-2 Intermetallic Compounds 414 11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions 417 11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram 420 11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys 430 11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing 436 11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System 438 11-8 Nanowires and the Eutectic Phase Diagram 438 Summary 441 | Glossary 441 | Problems 443 Chapter 12 Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment 451 12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 452 12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit 456 12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening 458 12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys 459 12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening 459 12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time 462 www.net Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
