net F IFTH E DITION Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering An Interactive e • Te x t www. Department of Metallurgical Engineering The University of Utah John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto www.net Front Cover: The object that appears on the front cover depicts a monomer unit for polycarbonate (or PC, the plastic that is used in many eyeglass lenses and safety helmets). Red, blue, and yellow spheres represent carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, respectively. Back Cover: Depiction of a monomer unit for polyethylene terephthalate (or PET, the plastic used for beverage containers). Red, blue, and yellow spheres represent carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, respectively. Editor Wayne Anderson Marketing Manager Katherine Hepburn Associate Production Director Lucille Buonocore Senior Production Editor Monique Calello www.net Cover and Text Designer Karin Gerdes Kincheloe Cover Illustration Roy Wiemann Illustration Studio Wellington Studio This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by Bi-Comp, Inc., and printed and bound by Von Hoffmann Press. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corporation. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 䊊 앝 The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. Copyright © 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (508) 750-8400, fax (508) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, e-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY. To order books or for customer service call 1-800-CALL-WILEY (225-5945). ISBN 0-471-39551-X Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.net DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF DAVID A. STEVENSON MY ADVISOR, A COLLEAGUE, AND FRIEND AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY www.net Preface Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering is an alternate version of my text, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Fifth Edition. The contents of both are the same, but the order of presentation differs and Fundamen- tals utilizes newer technologies to enhance teaching and learning.net With regard to the order of presentation, there are two common approaches to teaching materials science and engineering—one that I call the ‘‘traditional’’ approach, the other which most refer to as the ‘‘integrated’’ approach. With the traditional approach, structures/characteristics/properties of metals are presented first, followed by an analogous discussion of ceramic materials and polymers. Intro- duction, Fifth Edition is organized in this manner, which is preferred by many materials science and engineering instructors. With the integrated approach, one particular structure, characteristic, or property for all three material types is pre- sented before moving on to the discussion of another structure/characteristic/prop- erty. This is the order of presentation in Fundamentals. Probably the most common criticism of college textbooks is that they are too long. With most popular texts, the number of pages often increases with each new edition. This leads instructors and students to complain that it is impossible to cover all the topics in the text in a single term. After struggling with this concern (trying to decide what to delete without limiting the value of the text), we decided to divide the text into two components. The first is a set of ‘‘core’’ topics—sections of the text that are most commonly covered in an introductory materials course, and second, ‘‘supplementary’’ topics—sections of the text covered less frequently. Fur- thermore, we chose to provide only the core topics in print, but the entire text (both core and supplementary topics) is available on the CD-ROM that is included with the print component of Fundamentals. Decisions as to which topics to include in print and which to include only on the CD-ROM were based on the results of a recent survey of instructors and confirmed in developmental reviews. The result is a printed text of approximately 525 pages and an Interactive eText on the CD- ROM, which consists of, in addition to the complete text, a wealth of additional resources including interactive software modules, as discussed below. The text on the CD-ROM with all its various links is navigated using Adobe Acrobat. These links within the Interactive eText include the following: (1) from the Table of Contents to selected eText sections; (2) from the index to selected topics within the eText; (3) from reference to a figure, table, or equation in one section to the actual figure/table/equation in another section (all figures can be enlarged and printed); (4) from end-of-chapter Important Terms and Concepts to their definitions within the chapter; (5) from in-text boldfaced terms to their corresponding glossary definitions/explanations; (6) from in-text references to the corresponding appendices; (7) from some end-of-chapter problems to their answers; (8) from some answers to their solutions; (9) from software icons to the correspond- ing interactive modules; and (10) from the opening splash screen to the supporting web site.net viii ● Preface The interactive software included on the CD-ROM and noted above is the same that accompanies Introduction, Fifth Edition. This software, Interactive Materials Science and Engineering, Third Edition consists of interactive simulations and ani- mations that enhance the learning of key concepts in materials science and engi- neering, a materials selection database, and E-Z Solve: The Engineer’s Equation Solving and Analysis Tool. Software components are executed when the user clicks on the icons in the margins of the Interactive eText; icons for these several compo- nents are as follows: Crystallography and Unit Cells Tensile Tests www.net Ceramic Structures Diffusion and Design Problem Polymer Structures Solid Solution Strengthening Dislocations Phase Diagrams E-Z Solve Database My primary objective in Fundamentals as in Introduction, Fifth Edition is to present the basic fundamentals of materials science and engineering on a level appropriate for university/college students who are well grounded in the fundamen- tals of calculus, chemistry, and physics. In order to achieve this goal, I have endeav- ored to use terminology that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science and engineering for the first time, and also to define and explain all unfamiliar terms. The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from the simple to the more complex. Each chapter builds on the content of previous ones. The third objective, or philosophy, that I strive to maintain throughout the text is that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in sufficient detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand it without having to consult other sources. In most cases, some practical relevance is provided. Discussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at appro- priate levels of understanding. The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the learning process. These learning aids include numerous illustrations and photo- graphs to help visualize what is being presented, learning objectives, ‘‘Why Study .’’ items that provide relevance to topic discussions, end-of-chapter ques- tions and problems, answers to selected problems, and some problem solutions to help in self-assessment, a glossary, list of symbols, and references to facilitate understanding the subject matter. The fifth objective, specific to Fundamentals, is to enhance the teaching and learning process using the newer technologies that are available to most instructors and students of engineering today. Most of the problems in Fundamentals require computations leading to numeri- cal solutions; in some cases, the student is required to render a judgment on the basis of the solution. Furthermore, many of the concepts within the discipline of www.net Preface ● ix materials science and engineering are descriptive in nature. Thus, questions have also been included that require written, descriptive answers; having to provide a written answer helps the student to better comprehend the associated concept. The questions are of two types: with one type, the student needs only to restate in his/ her own words an explanation provided in the text material; other questions require the student to reason through and/or synthesize before coming to a conclusion or solution. The same engineering design instructional components found in Introduction, Fifth Edition are incorporated in Fundamentals. Many of these are in Chapter 20, ‘‘Materials Selection and Design Considerations,’’ that is on the CD-ROM. This chapter includes five different case studies (a cantilever beam, an automobile valve spring, the artificial hip, the thermal protection system for the Space Shuttle, and packaging for integrated circuits) relative to the materials employed and the ratio- www.net nale behind their use. In addition, a number of design-type (i., open-ended) questions/problems are found at the end of this chapter. Other important materials selection/design features are Appendix B, ‘‘Proper- ties of Selected Engineering Materials,’’ and Appendix C, ‘‘Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials.’’ The former contains values of eleven properties (e., density, strength, electrical resistivity, etc.) for a set of approxi- mately one hundred materials. Appendix C contains prices for this same set of materials. The materials selection database on the CD-ROM is comprised of these data. SUPPORTING WEB SITE The web site that supports Fundamentals can be found at www.com/ college/callister. It contains student and instructor’s resources which consist of a more extensive set of learning objectives for all chapters, an index of learning styles (an electronic questionnaire that accesses preferences on ways to learn), a glossary (identical to the one in the text), and links to other web resources. Also included with the Instructor’s Resources are suggested classroom demonstrations and lab experiments. Visit the web site often for new resources that we will make available to help teachers teach and students learn materials science and engineering. INSTRUCTORS’ RESOURCES Resources are available on another CD-ROM specifically for instructors who have adopted Fundamentals. These include the following: 1) detailed solutions of all end-of-chapter questions and problems; 2) a list (with brief descriptions) of possible classroom demonstrations and laboratory experiments that portray phe- nomena and/or illustrate principles that are discussed in the book (also found on the web site); references are also provided that give more detailed accounts of these demonstrations; and 3) suggested course syllabi for several engineering disciplines. Also available for instructors who have adopted Fundamentals as well as Intro- duction, Fifth Edition is an online assessment program entitled eGrade. It is a browser-based program that contains a large bank of materials science/engineering problems/questions and their solutions. Each instructor has the ability to construct homework assignments, quizzes, and tests that will be automatically scored, re- corded in a gradebook, and calculated into the class statistics. These self-scoring problems/questions can also be made available to students for independent study or pre-class review. Students work online and receive immediate grading and feedback.net x ● Preface Tutorial and Mastery modes provide the student with hints integrated within each problem/question or a tailored study session that recognizes the student’s demon- strated learning needs. For more information, visit www.com/college/egrade. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed to those who have reviewed and/or made contribu- tions to this alternate version of my text. I am especially indebted to the following individuals: Carl Wood of Utah State University, Rishikesh K. Bharadwaj of Systran Federal Corporation, Martin Searcy of the Agilent Technologies, John H. Weaver of The University of Minnesota, John B. Hudson of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Alan Wolfenden of Texas A & M University, and T. Coyle of the University of Toronto.net I am also indebted to Wayne Anderson, Sponsoring Editor, to Monique Calello, Senior Production Editor, Justin Nisbet, Electronic Publishing Analyst at Wiley, and Lilian N.
