VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG EVALUATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION FROM PIGGERY WASTE, AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS AND DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AT PILOT SCALE IN RURAL AREA OF NORTHERN VIETNAM MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (PILOT) SUPERVISORS: ASSOC. DO QUANG TRUNG PROF. MASAKI TAKAOKA Ha Noi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In order to implement this thesis, I have received a plenty of supports from everybody. First of all, I would like to convey my gratefulness to my teachers at Japan as well as Vietnam.
Thank you so much, Professor Masaki TAKAOKA who is so dedicated and enthusiastic, is my supervisor. He has helped me to orient my master thesis detail and found more new points. I would especially like to thank Assoc. Do Quang TRUNG as well as team members in his project spending on more one year with me.
My thanks and appreciation also to managers of Kikugawa biogas power plant; Kikugawa research center and Yagi biology center where I came and conducted data.TOI who is owner of piggery farm in Lam Dien commune and Mr. MANH in Hai Dong commune also. I have not been forgetting supports from Mrs. MISHINA in whole my internship in Japan.
Takashi SUZUE was head of VJU’s internship delegation at SHIMADZU corporation. Professor Seiji HASHIMOTO; Keisuke SATO and other teacher at Ritsumeikan University held several informative field tours in Japan for conducting data. Once again, I want to thank appreciate to JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) for specially supporting VJU's student and me in these two years. Sincerely! PHAM VIET BIEN CUONG MEE Master’s student Vietnam Japan University i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
i TABLE OF CONTENTS .ii LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Greenhouse gas emission issues.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases .2 Greenhouse gases emission situation .3 Greenhouse gases emission data and estimation .2 The issues in waste management of Vietnam .1 Pig manure, agricultural by product and domestic waste .1 Concept of estimating emission reduction .2 Approaches of estimating GHGs emission .3 CH4 emission in solid waste management .4 Calculation GHGs emission in livestock management .2 Project activities in emission reduction .3 Emission reduction applies in case of Vietnam .5 Co-digestion pilot model in rural area of northern Vietnam.
26 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .1 GHGs emission from livestock management of Vietnam.2 GHGs emission reduction from livestock management of Japan .3 Estimation GHGs emission reduction from manure management at pilots in Vietnam. 34 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.2 Estimation of Baseline emission .3 Estimation of emission reduction. 44 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.2: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions.3: Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors.4: Agricultural emission total and manure management of the world.5: A forecasting global GHGs to 2030.6: Agricultural emissions by sector.7: Share of sectors in manure management.8: Approaches way in estimating GHGs emission.9: GHGs emission sources in AFOLU sector.10: Volume of manure in livestock of Vietnam 2010-2014.11: Animal waste discharged by economic region of Vietnam 2014.12: The contribution of domestic waste in Vietnam' rural (2007).13: Waste treatment in ASEAN.14: Dehydrate system of livestock treatment in visited center in Japan.1: Concept of Baseline emission.2: Project activities for GHGs emission reduction.3: The steps of raw material pre-treatment for co-digestion system.1: Contribution of total agricultural emission in total GHG emission of Vietnam.2: Contribution of GHG emission of agriculture in Vietnam.3: Agricultural emission total between Vietnam and Japan.4: Estimating evolutions of Methane (CH4) emission and swine population of Ha Noi from 1995 to 2017.5: Emission from traditional biogas of Mr.Toi's farm and Mr.6: Emission reduction potential commune scale. 39 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Main sources of GHG emission.3: Solid waste in livestock of Vietnam.4: GHG emission in livestock by economic region sectors, .5: Summary of studies regard to co-digestion.1: DOC and DOCf of typical solid waste.2: Steps of estimating CH4 emission.3: Japanese estimation methodology in agricultural sector.4: Steps of CH4 estimation in biological treatment.5: Co-digestion system mode.1: The results are calculated and analyzed from Kikugawa biogas power plant survey.2: Initial estimation the livestock excretion and CH4 emission.3: Calculation CH4 emission following IPCC volume 5 for biological solid waste treatment.4: Estimation of Lam Dien and Hai Dong emission reduction.5: Emission of agricultural by-product and domestic waste.7: Emission reduction potential.
38 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GHGs Greenhouse Gases MONRE Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use DOC Degradable organic carbon BE Baseline emission ER Emission Reduction OM Organic Matter CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent Kt Kilo tone COD Chemical Oxygen Demand TS Total Solid DS Dissolve Solid SS Suspended Solid Gg Giga-gram Temp. Temperature vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com INTRODUCTION According to Vietnam national environmental report (2014), rural environment has been degrading faster than forecasted. Especially as northern rural area of Vietnam, water, solid and air pollution are big issues. Moreover, GHGs emission was mentioned in another national report of MONRE about environment of Vietnam phase 2011-2015.
Agricultural activities will be affected serious [1] [2]. The fact that emission from agriculture contributes greater than 40% in total emission of Vietnam and 60% of it comes from agricultural methane emissions activities. Controlling methane (CH4) emission from manure management is necessary but it does not really take care properly. Biogas technique which is one traditional treatment, is very popular in Vietnam and simplify to operate for farmers.
However, it seems overload to treat a large of waste as well as operates in substrate shortage status; we need to spend more area expending biogas tank capacity. After harvesting, farmer disposes of a lot of agricultural residues; almost them decay into the environment, a small part is used for other purposes (animal feed, composting,. In order to solute two these issues, co-digestion pilot model gained many positive performances due to mixing both agricultural by product and swine manure. In Japan, there are many factories applied co-digestion in treatment manure with food waste, agricultural residues.; if possible, anaerobic co-digestion could solve waste from livestock and agricultural production in Vietnam.
It could help C:N ratio suitably for anaerobic digestion process and reduction somewhat GHGs emission. Estimating GHGs emission in manure management is based on guidelines, tools of IPCC, UNFCC and refers Japanese method while global and national emission are analyzed from many famous organizations (World Bank, FAO, OECD). Research purpose In this thesis, I want to apply several simple approaches in estimating GHGs emissions in case Vietnam and evaluating the efficiency of emission reduction activities. On the other hand, it could find out a GHGs emission trend of the world as vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com well as Vietnam by exploiting inventories data of the international organizations (FAO, OECD, World Bank).
Research object In this thesis, methane (CH4) emission was focused mainly on researching in agricultural emission (manure management) and solid waste management (agricultural by-product and domestic waste). Co-digestion model is applied for reducing emission in pilot scale. Research scope Two places were chosen are rural area of northern of Vietnam with special outstanding characteristics: Experimental model 1: at Hai Dong commune, Nam Dinh province. It is coastal area where has been impacted ocean level rise of climate change.
Experimental model 2: at Lam Dien commune, Ha Noi’s countryside. It has a supply function for cities (e. Ha Noi city). Due to near the developing cities strongly, the environment in here was affected seriously.
In addition, the fast growth of piggery farms is not planned. All of researches and results in my thesis is performed by 03 chapter below: “Chapter I: Literature review”: Introduce general information about GHGs emission and several problems of Vietnam’s rural in waste management. “Chapter II: Methodology”: Making co-digestion pilots and method of estimating emission will be shown in this chapter. “Chapter III: Results and discussions”: Summarize and analyze the results of this research regarding CH4 emission estimation and the effective co-digestion model in emission reduction.
viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Greenhouse gas emission issues 1.1 Greenhouse effect and Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous component of the atmosphere. However, clouds and they absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), zone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) are the main GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere (Tab.
According to Montreal Protocol, the chlorine and bromine containing substances and the halocarbons are included. Besides CH4, N2O and CO2, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are dealt with in the Kyoto Protocol [3].1: Main sources of GHG emission [4]. CH4 emission N2O emission CO2 emission Methane (CH4) emission is from Nitrous oxide (N2O) is Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the transport of coal, natural gas, emitted from industrial emitted to atmosphere via and oil and produce activities. and agricultural activities, burning such as fossil fuels Decomposition of organic wastes even comes a part of (e.
oil, coal and natural in municipal solid waste (MSW), combustion of fossil fuels gas), wood, solid waste or in agriculture, landfills also or solid waste. made from chemical generate it. Estimating methane reactions. Carbon dioxide emissions from livestock relate to could get rid of the animal species, feeding, atmosphere by plants or performance and gross energy.
participate in carbon cycle. The calculations are based on conversion factors for each field. Greenhouse effect is known as phenomenon in which GHGs absorb thermal infrared radiation and then emitted again to the Earth’s surface as well as the atmosphere. Because of emission all sides, GHGs create a trap heat at surface- troposphere layer.
This phenomenon is the greenhouse effect (Fig. The fact that 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com in the troposphere, thermal infrared radiation relate directly to temperature of the atmosphere depending on the altitude where it is emitted. Normally, the temperature in the troposphere decreases with height. However, due to increase concentration of GHGs leading to heat kept in layers near the surface of the Earth [3].
Environmental impact of Greenhouse effect is one of issues discussed in many workshop and conferences. There are several core impacts which could be mentioned. Firstly, it is very important is global warming. Because it will affect to a large area and specially, it leads to temperature increase.
Therefore, this issue will be global issue and become the reason of climate change. The sea level rise would be the second effect and finally, impact on human life (e. agricultural impact; economic impact, eco-system, hydrological cycle…) [4]. In fact that Vietnam is one of the countries is vulnerable by climate change.
According to a research about Global Climate Risk Index (CRI), Vietnam was at No.05th (in 2016) and No.06th (in 2017) in ranking countries which were effected by climate change (Annex A. So that in near future many coastal areas of Vietnam will be stayed under the sea level. The Red river delta and the Mekong river delta are typical areas for adapting to climate change in Vietnam [5]. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.2 Greenhouse gases emission situation The annual reports of IPCC is very important, several reports from them are “synthesis reports” (AR1-1990, AR2-1995, AR3-2001, AR4-2007, AR5-2014) and it will be expected new “synthesis report” AR6 in 2022.2 was taken from “Synthesis report 2007: climate change”, it was shown that GHGs emission increased more than 70% in 34 years [3].
Total emission in 2004 is 49 Gt CO2eq/year (Fig.