Biotechnology Second Edition Volume 4 Measuring, Modelling, and Control Biotechnology Second Edition Fundamentals Special Topics Volume 1 Volume 9 Biological and Biochemical Fundamentals Enzymes, Biomass, Food and Feed Volume 2 Volume 10 Genetic Fundamentals and Special Processes Genetic Engineering Volume 11 Volume 3 Environmental Processes Bioprocessing Volume 12 Volume 4 Patents, Legislation, Information Sources, Measuring, Modelling, and Control General Index Products Volume 5 Genetically Engineered Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies Volume 6 Products of Primary Metabolism Volume 7 Products of Secondary Metabolism Volume 8 Biotransformations 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1991 Distribution: VCH, P. Box 101161, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany) Switzerland: VCH, P. Box, CH-4020 Base1 (Switzerland) United Kingdom and Ireland: VCH (UK) Ltd., 8 Wellington Court, Cambridge CB1 1HZ (England) USA and Canada: VCH, Suite 909,220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606 (USA) ISBN 3-527-28314-5 (VCH, Weinheim) ISBN 1-56081-154-4(VCH, New York) - A Multi-Volume Comprehensive Treatise Biotechnology Second, Completely Revised Edition Edited by H. Reed in cooperation with A.
Stadler Volume 4 Measuring, Modelling, and Control Edited by K. Schugerl - - Weinheim New York. Base1 Cambridge Series Editors: Volume Editor: Prof. Schiigerl Institut fur Mikrobiologie 1016 Monmouth Ave.
Institut fiir Technische Chemie Universitiit Miinster Durham, NC 27701 Universitiit Hannover CorrensstraBe 3 USA CallinstraBe 3 D-4400 Miinster D-3000 Hannover 1 Dr. Piihler Bayer AG Biologie VI (Genetik) Verfahrensentwicklung Biochemie Universitiit Bielefeld Leitung P. Box 8640 Friedrich-Ebert-StraBe 217 D-4800 Bielefeld 1 D-5600 Wuppertal 1 This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors and publisher do not warrant the information con- tained therein to be free of errors.
Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Published jointly by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany) VCH Publishers Inc., New York, NY (USA) Editorial Director: Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus Editorial Manager: Christa Maria Schultz Production Director: Maximilian Montkowski Production Manager: Peter J. Biel Library of Congress Card No.: 91-16462 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Biotechnology Second Edition Biotechnology: Vol 4.
Measuring, modelling and control.8 ISBN 3-527-28314-5 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Biotechnology : a multi volume comprehensive treatise / ed. In cooperation with A. - Weinheim; New York; Basel; Cambridge: VCH. NE: Rehm, Hans J.
Measuring, modelling, and control / ed. - 1991 ISBN 3-527-28314-5 (Weinheim) ISBN 1-56081-154-4 (New York) NE: Schiigerl, Karl [Hrsg.] 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1991 Printed on acid-free and low-chlorine paper. All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers.
Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Composition and Printing: Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, D-6720 Speyer, Bookbinding: Klambt-Druck GmbH, D-6720 Speyer Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Preface In recognition of the enormous advances in The present volume, fourth in the series, re- biotechnology in recent years, we are pleased flects the enormous impact of computer tech- to present this Second Edition of “Biotech- nology on biotechnology, especially in the nology” relatively soon after the introduction areas of measurement and control. It describes of the First Edition of this multi-volume com- monitoring of the biotechnological process prehensive treatise.
Since this series was ex- with sophisticated analytical techniques, use of tremely well accepted by the scientific commu- the resulting data by means of mathematical nity, we have maintained the overall goal of models, and computer-aided closed loop con- creating a number of volumes, each devoted to trol for improvement of the productivity of a certain topic, which provide scientists in biotechnological processes. While Volume 4 academia, industry, and public institutions can be used independently, Volume 3 “Bio- with a well-balanced and comprehensive over- processing” is recommended as a companion view of this growing field. We have fully re- volume. vised the Second Edition and expanded it from The volume editors and the authors of the ten to twelve volumes in order to take all re- individual chapters have been chosen for their cent developments into account.
recognized expertise and their contributions to These twelve volumes are organized into the various fields of biotechnology. Their will- three sections. The first four volumes consider ingness to impart this knowledge to their col- the fundamentals of biotechnology from bio- leagues forms the basis of “Biotechnology” logical, biochemical, molecular biological, and and is gratefully acknowledged. Moreover, chemical engineering perspectives.
The next this work could not have been brought to fru- four volumes are devoted to products of indus- ition without the foresight and the constant trial relevance. Special attention is given here and diligent support of the publisher. We are to products derived from genetically engi- grateful to VCH for publishing “Biotechnolo- neered microorganisms and mammalian cells. gy” with their customary excellence.
Special The last four volumes are dedicated to the de- thanks are due Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus and scription of special topics. Christa Schultz, without whose constant ef- The new “Biotechnology” is a reference forts the series could not be published. Finally, work, a comprehensive description of the the editors wish to thank the members of the state-of-the-art, and a guide to the original Scientific Advisory Board for their encourage- literature.
It is specifically directed to micro- ment, their helpful suggestions, and their con- biologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, structive criticism. bioengineers, chemical engineers, and food and pharmaceutical chemists working in indus- May 1991 H. Rehm try, at universities or at public institutions. Reed A carefully selected and distinguished Scien- A.
Puhler tific Advisory Board stands behind the series. Stadler Its members come from key institutions repre- senting scientific input from about twenty countries. Scientific Advisory Board Prof. Ghose August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology Biochemical Engineering Research Centre Latvian Academy of Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Riga, USSR New Delhi, India Prof, Dr.
Bu’Lock Prof. Goldberg Weizmann Microbial Chemistry Laboratory Department of Applied Microbiology Department of Chemistry The Hebrew University University of Manchester Jerusalem, Israel Manchester, UK Prof. Goma Department of Chemical Engineering Departement de Genie Biochimique et Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alimentaire Cambridge, MA, USA Institut National des Sciences Appliquees Toulouse, France Prof. Hopwood Department of Microbiology Department of Genetics University of Queensland John Innes Institute St.
Lucia, Australia Norwich, UK Prof, Dr. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Organon International bv Basel, Switzerland Scientific Development Group Oss. The Netherlands Prof. Humphrey Institut fur Biotechnologie Center for Molecular Bioscience and Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Biotechnology Zurich, Switzerland Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA, USA VIII Scientific Advisory Board Prof.
Schiigerl Research Center for Advanced Science Institut fur Technische Chemie and Technology Universitat Hannover University of Tokyo Hannover, Germany Tokyo, Japan Prof. Lachance Prof, Dr. Sensi Department of Plant Sciences Chair of Fermentation Chemistry University of Western Ontario and Industrial Microbiology London, Ontario, Canada Lepetit Research Center Gerenzano, Italy Prof. Tan China National Center for Biotechnology Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Development National University of Singapore Beijing, China Singapore Prof.
Thomas Department of Microbiology Laboratoire de Technologie Enzymatique University of Leon Universite de Compiegne Leon, Spain Compiegne, France Prof. Verstraete Department of Biotechnology Laboratory of Microbial Ecology Chemical Center Rij ksuniversiteit Gent University of Lund Gent, Belgium Lund, Sweden Prof. Winnacker Institut fur Biochemische Technologie Institut fur Biochemie und Mikrobiologie Universitat Munchen Technische Universitat Wien Miinchen, Germany Wien. Sahm Institut fur Biotechnologie Forschungszentrum Julich Julich, Germany Contents Introduction 1 10 Stirred Tank Models 299 M.
Instruments 11 Tower Reactor Models 349 J. Merchuk 1 Common Instruments for Process 12 Process Models: Optimization of Yeast Analysis and Control 5 Production - A Case Study 383 K. Yuan 2 Methods and Instruments in Fermentation 13 Aerobic Waste Water Process Gas Analysis 27 Models 407 E. Andrews 3 Biosensors 75 14 Anaerobic Waste Water Process B.
Wandrey 15 Bioprocess Kinetics and Modelling 11. Measurements in Bioreactor of Recombinant Fermentation 485 Systems D. Lee 4 Characterization of Bioreactors 107 A. Control and Automation 5 On-Line Analysis of Broth 149 16 Control of Bioreactor Systems 509 K.
Lee 6 Determination of Cell Concentration 17 Automation in Biotechnology 561 and Characterization of Cells 179 A. Scheper 18 Modelling, Design, and Control of 7 Bioreactor State Estimation 225 Downstream Processing 603 G. Suga 8 Optimization of Sampling 251 19 Expert Systems for Biotechnology 625 A. Modelling of Bioreactor Index 637 Systems 9 Cell Models 267 K.
Bellgardt Contributors Dr. Aarne Halme EG&G Automation Technology Laboratory Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Helsinki University of Technology Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA Electrical Engineering Building Chapter 13 Otakaari 5A SF-02150 ESPOO,Finland Chapter 19 Dr. Rakesh Bajpai Dr. Elmar Heinzle Department of Chemical Engineering Biological Reaction Engineering Group University of Missouri Chemical Engineering Department Columbia, MO 65203, USA Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Chapter 10 Universitatsstrane 6 CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Chapter 2 Prof.
Karl-Heinz Bellgardt Prof. Nazmul Karim Institut fur Technische Chemie Department of Agricultural and Universitat Hannover Chemical Engineering CallinstraSe 3 Colorado State University D-3000 Hannover 1, FRG Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Chapters 9 and 12 Chapter 19 Dr. Jeong-Yoon Kim Biological Reaction Engineering Group Department of Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Department University of California Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Davis, CA 95616, USA UniversitatsstraSe 6 Chapter 15 CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Chapter 2 XI1 Contributors Dr. Kyu-Sung Lee Prof.
Axel Munack Biochemical Engineering Program Institut fur Biosystemtechnik University of California Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Irvine, CA 92717, USA Bundesallee 50 Chapter 16 D-3300 Braunschweig-Volkenrode, FRG Chapter 8 Dr. Sun Bok Lee Dr. Seujeung Park Pohang Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang, Korea Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chapter 15 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Chapter 7 Prof. Reardon Biochemical Engineering Program Colorado State University University of California Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Irvine, CA 92717, USA Chapter 6 Chapter 16 Priv.
Andreas Liibbert Prof. Matthias Reuss Institut fur Technische Chemie Institut fur Bioverfahrenstechnik Universitat Hannover Universitat Stuttgart CallinstraRe 3 Boblinger StraRe 72 D-3000 Hannover 1, FRG D-7000 Stuttgart 1, FRG Chapters 4 and I7 Chapter I0 Prof. Bo Mattiasson Prof. Ryu Department of Biotechnology Department of Chemical Engineering Chemical Center University of California University of Lund Davis, CA 95616, USA P.
Box 124 Chapter I5 S-22100 Lund, Sweden Chapter 3 Prof. Scheper Department of Chemical Engineering Institut fur Technische Chemie Program of Biotechnology Universitat Hannover Ben-Gurion University of the Negev CallinstraRe 3 Beer Sheva, Israel D-3000 Hannover 1, FRG Chapter I1 Chapter 6 Contributors XI11 Prof. Karl Schiigerl Prof. Ken-ichi Suga Institut fur Technische Chemie Department of Fermentation Technology Universitat Hannover Faculty of Engineering CallinstraBe 3 Osaka University, Suita D-3000 Hannover 1, FRG Osaka 565, Japan Chapters I and 5 Chapter 18 Dr.
Dirk Schurbuscher Prof. Christian Wandrey Am braunen Berg 9 Institut fur Biotechnologie 2 D-6477 Limeshain-Himbach, FRG Forschungszentrum Julich Chapter 14 Postfach 1913 D-5170 Julich, FRG Chapter 14 Prof. Suteaki Shioya Dr. Jingqi Yuan Department of Fermentation Technology Institute for Automatic Control Faculty of Engineering East China University Osaka University, Suita of Chemical Technology Osaka 565, Japan 130 Meilong Lu Chapter 18 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Chapter 12 Prof.
Gregory Stephanopoulos Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Chapter 7 Introduction KARL S C H ~ G E R L Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany The fourth volume of the second edition of ess and to effect process optimization and con- “Biotechnology” presents a survey on an in- trol. Therefore, the Series Editors decided to creasingly important field of biotechnology: add to Biotechnology a separate volume with monitoring of the biotechnological process the title “Measuring, Modelling, and Con- with sophisticated analysis techniques, use of trol”, and they asked the Volume Editor to or- the resulting data by means of mathematical ganize it. models, and (computer-aided) closed loop con- trol for improvement of the productivity of This volume consists of four main parts: biotechnological processes. The bottleneck in biotechnological process 0 instruments, control is the on-line measurement of con- 0 measuring techniques, trolled process variables.