DIGITAL VERSION Included DIALYSIS THERAPY Allen R. Fine Rajnish Mehrotra | Joshua Zaritsky ALGRAWANY 2 HANDBOOK OF DIALYSIS THERAPY ALGRAWANY SIXTH EDITION HANDBOOK OF DIALYSIS THERAPY Allen R. Nissenson, MD, FACP Rajnish Mehrotra, MD, MS Emeritus Professor of Medicine Belding H. Scribner Endowed Chair David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Professor of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, United States Head, Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Richard N.
Fine, MD University of Washington Professor of Pediatrics Seattle, WA, United States Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University Joshua Zaritsky, MD, PhD Stony Brook, NY, United States Chief Pediatric Nephrology St. Chris Hospital for Children Professor of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, United States Elsevier 1600 John F. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 HANDBOOK OF DIALYSIS THERAPY, SIXTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-79135-9 Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
9, “Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis,” copyrighted by Joanne D. Pittard No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations, such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found on our website: www. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notice Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors, or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2002, 2008, and 2017.
Senior Content Strategist: Nancy Anastasi Duffy Senior Content Development Specialist: Priyadarshini Pandey Publishing Services Manager: Deepthi Unni Senior Project Manager: Manchu Mohan Book Designer: Ryan Cook Printed in The United States of America. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ALGRAWANY This book is dedicated to the heroic patients and care givers who showed courage and perseverance during the COVID-19 pandemic and inspired us all. Nissenson, MD I would like to dedicate this edition of Handbook of Dialysis to my wife of ALMOST 50 years, Shawney, whose encouragement, support, and advice have made the journey to facilitate access to ESRD care for children of all ages possible, as well as our 4 children, one of whom (Jeffrey) is no longer with us, 11 grandchildren, 2 of whom aspire to become physicians AND 3 GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN. They have tolerated my conflicting priorities over the years.
I appreciate their continued understanding. Fine, MD This book is dedicated to my wife, Kushi Mehrotra, who has stood patiently by my side for 29 years, to our two children, Kunaal and Ria, who have grown into amazing young adults in the blink of an eye, and to my parents, Trijugi and Kamini Mehrotra, who are no longer with us but forever in our hearts. Rajnish Mehrotra, MD, MS I would like to dedicate this book to my children, Sarah and Ella. Zaritsky, MD, PhD Contributors Cahyani Gita Ambarsari, MD, FIPNA, FISPD Carlos E.
Araya, MD Clinical Nephrology Fellow Associate Professor Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland Children’s Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando Member of Medical Technology Indonesia Medical FL Education and Research Institute (IMERI) United States Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist Associate Professor Paediatric Nephrology Division Department of Pediatrics Department of Child Health University of Central Florida, Orlando Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia FL Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta United States DKI Jakarta Indonesia Rossella Attini, MD, PhD Physician Rachel A. Annunziato, PhD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor Città della Salute e della Scienza, Ospedale Psychology Sant’Anna Fordham University Turin Bronx, NY Italy United States Associate Professor Pediatrics Rose Mary Ayoob, MD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York Associate Professor of Pediatrics NY, United States Division of Pediatric Nephrology Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital Evamaria Anvari, MD Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall Assistant Professor of Medicine University Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Huntington, WV, United States Western Reserve University Department of Kidney Medicine Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute Justine Bacchetta, MD, PhD Cleveland Clinic Professor of Pediatrics Cleveland, OH Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Rare Renal United States Diseases Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron France vii ALGRAWANY viii Contributors Rossana Baracco, MD Mei Lin Z. Bissonnette, MD, PhD, FRCPC Associate Professor Clinical Associate Professor Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Central Michigan University College of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St.
Paul’s Hospital Detroit Vancouver MI BC United States Canada Joanne M. Bargman, MD, FRCPC Geoffrey A. Block, MD Director Associate Chief Medical Officer Peritoneal Dialysis Program Medical Office University Health Network, Toronto US Renal Care, Plano ON TX Canada United States Professor University of Toronto, Toronto ON Brendan Bowman, MD Canada Associate Professor Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Antonio Bellasi, MD VA Research, Innovation and Brand Reputation United States Ospedale di Bergamo, ASST-Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo Italy Patrick D. Brophy, MD, MHCDS Chairman Pediatrics Ezequiel Bellorin-Font, MD University of Rochester, Rochester Instructor of Medicine NY Division of Nephrology United States Saint Louis University, Saint Louis MO United States Deborah J.
Brouwer-Maier, RN, CNN Vascular Access Marketing Manager Marketing William M. Bennett, MD Transonic, Lansdale Medical Director PA Legacy Transplant Services United States Legacy Health Systems, Portland OR United States Steven Brunelli, MD, MSCE Professor of Medicine (Retired) Vice President for Research Oregon Health & Science University, Portland DaVita Clinical Research OR DaVita, Inc, Minneapolis United States MN United States Scott Bieber, DO Physician David Bushinsky, MD Nephrology Professor of Medicine and of Pharmacology and Physiology Kootenai Health, Coeur d’Alene Medicine ID University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, United States Rochester NY, New York United States Contributors ix Jonathan Casavant, PharmD, BCPS Anthony Chang, MD Antimicrobial Stewardship Pharmacist Professor Pharmacy Clinical Services Department of Pathology VA Puget Sound HealthCare System, Seattle University of Chicago, Chicago WA IL United States United States Roberta Cerutti, MD Chaim Charytan, MD Nephrology Chief Renal Division IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan Renal Italy New York-Presbyterian Med Ctr of Queens, Flushing, Queens NY Vimal Chadha, MD United States Professor of Pediatrics Clinical Professor of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, NY Kansas City United States MO United States Director, Acute Kidney Injury Program Joline L. Chen, MD, MS MO Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor United States Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Associate Director, Dialysis and Transplantation University of California, Irvine, Irvine Division of Nephrology CA Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City United States MO United States Wei Chen, MD Associate Professor Christopher T. Chan, MD, FRCPC Department of Medicine Director of Nephrology Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx Nephrology NY University Health Network, Toronto United States ON Adjunct Professor Canada Department of Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Bipan Chand, MD, MBA NY Department of Surgery United States Loyola University, Maywood, IL, United States Andrew I.
Chin, MD Health Science Clinical Professor Deepa H. Chand, MD, MHSA Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Executive Medical Director Medicine Global Patient Safety University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Novartis Gene Therapies, Bannockburn Sacramento IL CA United States United States Attending Pediatric Nephrologist Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO United States ALGRAWANY x Contributors Yeoungjee Cho, MBBS (Hons), FRACP, PhD Stephanie L. Donahue, MSN, FNP-BC Consultant Nephrologist Nurse Practitioner Medicine and Behavioral Health Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Queensland The Rogosin Institute New York, New York Clinical Trialist (Australian Kidney Trials Network) NY, United States Department of Nephrology Division of Medicine Metro South Health Ramanath Dukkipati, MD Princess Alexandra Hospital Associate Professor of Medicine Brisbane, QLD Nephrology and hypertension Australia Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance CA United States William R.
Clark, MD Professor of Engineering Practice Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Claire Dunphy, PhD Purdue University, W Lafayette Postdoctoral Fellow IN Pediatrics United States Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY John H. Crabtree, MD United States Visiting Clinical Faculty Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Mohamed Elbokl, MBBCH Center, Torrance Clinical Fellow CA Nova Scotia Health Authority United States Nephrology Dalhousie University Halifax, NS Daniel Cukor, PhD Canada Director Behavioral Health The Rogosin Institute, New York Fabrizio Fabrizi, MD NY Staff Nephrologist United States Division of Nephrology Maggiore Policlinico Hospital and Ca’ Granda IRCCS Foundation, Milano Serpil Muge Deger, MD, FISN Italy Associate Professor Department of Nephrology Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine Mohammed K. Faizan, MD Izmir, Turkey Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lucia Del Vecchio, MD Providence, RI, United States Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant’Anna Division Director Hospital, ASST Lariana Pediatric Nephrology Como Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence Italy RI, United States Alonso R. Diaz, MD Nephrology Fellow Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento CA United States Contributors xi Steven Fishbane, MD Pediatric Nephrologist Chief Pediatrics Division of Kidney Diseases & Hypertension Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, QC Uniondale Canada NY United States Professor Seth B.
Furgeson, MD Medicine Associate Professor Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Medicine Uniondale University of Colorado, Aurora NY CO United States United States Vice President Staff Nephrologist Northwell Health Network Dialysis Services Medicine NY Denver Health, Denver United States CO United States Molly Fisher, DO Assistant Professor of Medicine Ashley M. Gefen, MD Medicine Fellow Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology NY Cohen Children’s Medical Center United States New Hyde Park, NY United States William Henry Fissell IV, MD Associate Professor Guido Gembillo, MD Nephrology and Hypertension Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville of Nephrology and Dialysis TN Policlinic G. Martino, Messina United States Italy Jorge Ignacio Fonseca-Correa, MD F. John Gennari, MD Geriatric Nephrology Fellow Professor Emeritus Division of Nephrology Medicine University Health Network, Toronto University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington ON VT Canada United States Nephrologist Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Marc Ghannoum, MD Salvador Zubirán Associate Professor Mexico City Specialized Medicine Mexico University of Montreal, Verdun Hospital, Montreal QC Canada Bethany J.
Foster, MD, MSCE Professor Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology Griet Glorieux, PhD McGill University, Montreal Professor QC Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Nephrology Division Canada Ghent University Hospital, Ghent Belgium ALGRAWANY xii Contributors Sharlene Anuska Greenwood, PhD, BSc Sarbjit Vanita Jassal, MD, MB, MRCP(UK), Consultant Physiotherapist FRCPC Renal Staff Nephrologist and Director, Geriatric Dialysis King’s College Hospital, London Program United Kingdom Division of Nephrology Honorary Senior Lecturer University Health Network, Toronto Renal Sciences ON King’s College London, London Canada United Kingdom Professor Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto Dieter Haffner, MD ON Professor Canada Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, Hannover Lower Saxony Kirsten L. Johansen, MD Germany Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Minnesota School of Medicine Rainer Himmele, MD, MSSH Director Head of Global Medical Information & Education Division of Nephrology Fresenius Medical Care Hennepin Healthcare Charlotte Minneapolis, MN NC United Sates United States David W. Johnson, PSM MBBS, FRACP, Jean L.
