FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY CAMPUS ---------***-------- GRADUATION THESIS Major: International Business Economics FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERS' ADOPTION INTENTION OF E-WALLET IN VINH LONG PROVINCE Student: Tran Nguyen Lan Ngoc Student ID: 1701015545 Class: K56CLC4 Intake: 56 Supervisor: Dr. Pham Hung Cuong Thesis ID: 343 Ho Chi Minh City, December 2020 FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY CAMPUS Independence - Freedom - Happiness Ho Chi Minh City, …. DISSERTATION REMARKS Student’s full name: Tran Nguyen Lan Ngoc Student code: 1701015545 Subject of the thesis: Factors influencing consumers' adoption intention of e-wallet in Vinh Long province Name of the supervisor: Dr. Pham Hung Cuong Department:.
Student’s attitude and progress during the dissertation schedule:. Responsiveness of scientific content to the research topic:. Format of the dissertation:. The supervisor proposes the score for student’s attitude and progress during the dissertation schedule: ./1 Supervisor (Signature with full name) STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Ho Chi Minh City, December 2020 Tran Nguyen Lan Ngoc ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the author would like to express her deep gratitude toward lecturers of Foreign Trade University, Ho Chi Minh Campus for providing her with a lot of necessary knowledge in e-commerce, especially in e-wallet so that the author can have a solid base to fulfill her graduation thesis. Besides, the author also sends her sincerest thanks to Dr.
Pham Hung Cuong who has supported her with many useful recommendations and clear guidance during the time the author does the thesis. Without his dedicated and enthusiastic instructions, this thesis could not be accomplished. Moreover, the author highly appreciates all respondents who were willing to spend their valuable time and efforts in completing the survey. Thanks to their answers, the author could measure factors influencing the intention to adopt e-wallet and make some assessments toward this topic.
Finally, even though the author has received many helpful supports and tried her best to carry out this research, the thesis would still have some shortcomings due to her lack of knowledge and experience. Thus, the author would highly value all contributive comments for the future development of the research. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Research aims and objectives.
Research object and scope. Contribution and significance of the research. Contribution of the research. Significance of the research.
8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH MODEL. Overview of e-wallet. Definition of e-wallet. Functions of e-wallet.
E-wallets in Vietnam. Definition of adoption intention. Theoretical models in determining the intention to adopt new technology. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Previous empirical researches on factors influencing intention to adopt e- wallet.
Proposed research model and research hypotheses. Proposed research model. Conducting short interviews. Official measurement scale building.
Method of data collection and sampling. Methods of data analysis. 40 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS. Descriptive statistics analysis.
Descriptive statistics for e-wallet adoption behaviors. Descriptive statistics of demographic variables. Descriptive statistics of independent variables. Descriptive statistics of dependent variables.
Cronbach Alpha’s coefficient analysis. Cronbach Alpha’s coefficient analysis for independent variables. Cronbach Alpha’s coefficient analysis for dependent variables. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA).
Exploratory Factor Analysis for independent variables. Exploratory Factor Analysis for dependent variables. Pearson correlation matrix analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis.
Assumption violation testing. Testing model hypotheses. Testing the influence of demographic factors on the intention to adopt e- wallet. Independent T-test analysis.
Research results discussion. 71 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Enhancing Self-efficacy. Enhancing Facilitating condition.
Enhancing Social influence. Enhancing Effort expectancy. Enhancing Performance expectancy. Limitations and orientations for future research.
Limitations of the research. Orientations for future research. 91 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS MEANINGS ANOVA Analysis of Variance C-TAM-TPB A model combining TAM and TPB EFA Exploratory Factor Analysis E-payment Electronic payment E-wallet Electronic wallet IDT Innovation diffusion theory KMO Kaiser – Meyer - Olkin MM The motivational model MPCU The model of PC utilization SBV State Bank of Vietnam SCT Social Cognitive Theory TAM Technology Acceptance Model TPB The theory of planned behavior TRA Theory of Reasoned Action UTAUT Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology VIF Variance inflation factor LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 E-wallets in Vietnam until October 2020 .2 The theories and models used to propose UTAUT .3 Origin of constructs in UTAUT model .1 Measurement scale for Performance expectancy .2 Measurement scale for Effort expectancy .3 Measurement scale for Social influence .4 Measurement scale for Facilitating condition .5 Measurement scale for Trust .6 Measurement scale for Perceived risk .7 Measurement scale for Self-efficacy .8 Measurement scale for Adoption intention .1 Time period of adopting e-wallet .2 Names of adopted e-wallets in Vinh Long province .3 Purposes of adopting e-wallets in Vinh Long province .4 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Performance expectancy .5 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Effort expectancy .6 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Social influence .7 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Facilitating condition.8 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Trust.9 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Perceived risk .10 Cronbach Alpha’s outcome of Self-efficacy .11 Cronbach Alpha’s outcomes of Adoption intention .12 Outcome of indicators for independent variables in EFA .13 Rotated Component Matrix .14 Outcome of indicators for dependent variables in EFA .15 Component matrix of dependent variables .16 Pearson correlation matrix .17 Types and Definitions of variables used in the regression model .21 Hypotheses testing outcome. 65 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Theory of Reasoned Action .2 Social Cognitive Theory .3 Technology Acceptance Model.5 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology .6 Model proposed by the author.
Research rationale Non-cash payment has been considered as an inevitable tendency in the economic development process all over the world, especially in Vietnam. According to a survey of VISA (2020), Vietnamese have decreased cash payment compared to the previous year since they have preferred electronic payments (e-payment) such as contactless payments card (credit card, debit card), mobile banking, electronic wallet. It is found that consumers do not bring too much cash when going out because there are more places accepting non-cash payment. Moreover, 74% Vietnamese consumers are expected to increase non-cash payment in the following twelve months.
As reported by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), e-payment has significantly increased in the first four months in 2020 compared to that in 2019. Particularly, mobile payment has increased 198.8% in quantity and 21. SBV has recently requested its branches in cities and provinces to implement plans promoting non-cash payment, especially in electricity, water, health, education fields and public services (Nguyen Dai Lai, 2020). There are about 50 banks completing electronic tax payment connection with tax and custom authorities in 63 provinces/cities; 27 banks and 10 intermediary payment service providers have cooperated with Vietnam Electricity to collect electricity bills (Hong Anh, 2020).
From those above, it can be clearly indicated that the payment tendency has been shifting toward using non-cash payment methods. Especially, e-payment has quickly developed and played an important role in the economy with many types of methods which can meet consumers’ needs gradually. Together with the development of non-cash payment, the electronic wallet (e- wallet) has received much attention from the government, enterprises and consumers and has become the most popular method among non-cash payment methods. Vietnamese government has issued the license for e-wallet since 2008, however, only until 2017, e-wallet has become extremely popular due to its tight connections with many services.
As stated by Le Anh Dung - Deputy Head of Payment Department of SBV, until the first quarter in 2020, Vietnam has already had 34 e-wallets with 13 million accounts that have been activated and used. Moreover, there have been 225.6 2 million transactions conducted via e-wallet with a total value of 77.7 thousand billion VND for the first three months in 2020 in accordance with SBV’s statistics (Duy Vu, 2020). According to a survey of Cimigo, Momo, Moca and ZaloPay are the top three e-wallets that are widely used in Ho Chi Minh and Ha Noi City. E-wallets are mostly used to top up mobile phones, make payment for utility bills, and transfer money.
On average, Momo users spend 520 thousand VND per day, followed by Moca users with 506 thousand VND and ZaloPay users with about 441 thousand VND (Thai Thu, 2020). Based on the value of daily transactions, it can be stated that the demand of e- wallet adoption in Vietnam has been extremely high. Thus, using the e-wallet for above mentioned purposes will increase non-cash payment and replace cash payment in the near future. Le Thi Thuy Sen - Director of Communications Department of SBV made a commitment that there would be nobody left behind in approaching financial services (Phuong Linh, 2020).
Hence, e-wallet would be also communicated to people in rural areas and provinces to encourage them to change their payment habits. The program would be made to be suitable with the habits and cultures of the regions, and the messages would be easy to understand and close to the people in remote areas. Therefore, it can be indicated that e-wallet will be the most popular method among non-cash payment methods which can also be easier to access consumers even in provinces. On the other hand, due to Covid-19 pandemic, Vietnamese government has encouraged people to restrain cash payments to protect themselves.
Then, non-cash payment, especially e-wallet will definitely become a trendy payment method in the current situation. Although there are some studies on e-wallet in Vietnam, they only focus on people who live in big cities such as Ho Chi Minh City and Ha Noi City. However, e-wallet has become popular with people who even live in provinces due to reasonable policies of Vietnamese government and SBV. It can be indicated that consumers in rural areas and provinces have become the target consumers of e-wallet from now.
Hence, provinces have become the potential market for e-wallet service providers to investigate. Therefore, the author decided to deeply study the topic “Factors influencing consumers’ adoption intention of e-wallet in Vinh Long province”. International research Among non-cash payment methods, e-wallet has received most attention and has been investigated by a lot of researchers in many countries. Based on the findings of the author, e-wallet has also been considered as a mobile wallet or digital wallet in international research while it has commonly been considered as e-wallet in Vietnam.
Amin (2009) investigated a study on “Mobile wallet acceptance in Sabah: an empirical analysis” to explore factors affecting the intention to adopt mobile wallet in Sabah, Malaysia. The result indicated that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived expressiveness and knowledge of mobile wallet affected the intention to adopt mobile wallet at 95% significance level. The author also suggested that perceived self-efficacy, perceived financial cost, perceived enjoyment and normative pressure could be added to the model to increase other situation applications which was found to be a limitation of this study. The research “Adoption of digital wallet by consumers” of Rathore (2016) declared that convenience in buying online, usefulness of digital wallet and brand loyalty were three important factors that influenced the adoption of digital wallets of consumers in India.
Additionally, one of the major problems that made consumers reduce the adoption of digital wallet was dependency on internet connection.