qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page i Tourism, Security and Safety From Theory to Practice H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page ii H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page iii Tourism, Security and Safety From Theory to Practice First edition Yoel Mansfeld Abraham Pizam AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page iv Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.
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ISBN 13: 978-0-7506-7898-8 ISBN 10: 0-7506-7898-4 For information on all Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann publications visit our Website at www.com Printed in the United States of America 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page v Contents List of Contributors ix Prologue xiii Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld 1. Toward a Theory of Tourism Security 1 Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld Section I: Tourism, Terrorism, and Civil Unrest Issues 29 Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam 2. A Social Theory of Terrorism and Tourism 33 Peter E. War, Terror, and the Tourism Market in Israel 49 Aliza Fleischer and Steven Buccola 4.
Fiji Islands: Rebuilding Tourism in an Insecure World 67 Brian King and Tracy Berno Section II: Tourism and Crime Issues 83 Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam 5. The Growth of the Caribbean Narcoeconomy: Implications for Tourism 87 Jerome L.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page vi Contents 6. Do Incidents of Theft at Tourist Destinations Have a Negative Effect on Tourists’ Decisions to Travel to Affected Destinations? 105 Judy Holcomb and Abraham Pizam 7. The Tourist and His Criminal: Patterns in Street Robbery 125 Dee Wood Harper Section III: Tourism and Safety Issues 139 Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam 8.
Recovering from SARS: The Case of Toronto Tourism 143 Geoffrey Wall 9. Risk Management for Australian Commercial Adventure Tourism Operations 153 Damian Morgan and Martin Fluker 10. The Effect of Disaster on Peripheral Tourism Places and the Disaffection of Prospective Visitors 169 Wilson Irvine and Alistair R. Safety and Security Issues Affecting Inbound Tourism in the People’s Republic of China 187 Zélia Breda and Carlos Costa 12.
When Wildlife Encounters Go Wrong: Tourist Safety Issues Associated with Threatening Wildlife 209 Gianna Moscardo, Matthew Taverner and Barbara Woods Section IV: Tourism and Crisis-Management Issues 229 Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam 13. Public Relations and Advertising Strategies for Managing Tourist Destination Image Crises 233 Eli Avraham 14. A Comparative Assessment of Three Southeast Asian Tourism Recovery Campaigns: Singapore Roars: Post SARS 2003, Bali Post–the October 12, 2002 Bombing, and WOW Philippines 2003 251 David Beirman 15. The Role of Security Information in Tourism Crisis Management: The Missing Link 271 Yoel Mansfeld vi H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page vii Contents 16.
Crisis Management and Recovery: How Washington, DC Hotels Responded to Terrorism 291 Greg Stafford, Larry Yu and Alex Kobina Armoo 17. Hospitality Crisis Management Practices: The Israeli Case 313 Aviad Israeli and Arie Reichel 18. Tour Operators and Destination Safety 335 Nevenka Cavlek Summary and Conclusions 353 Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam Index 355 vii H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page viii H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page ix Contributors Alistair Anderson Aberdeen Business School Robert Gordon University Garthdee, Aberdeen AB 24 7QE UK Alex Kobina Armoo Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management Baltimore International College 17 Commerce Street Baltimore, MD 21202-3230 USA Eli Avraham Department of Communications University of Haifa Haifa 31905 Israel David Beirman Israel Tourism Office 395 New South Head Rd Double Bay NSW 2028 Australia Tracy Berno School of Food and Hospitality CPIT PO Box 540 Christchurch 8015 New Zealand ix H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page x Contributors Zelia Breda Departamento de Economia, Gestao e Engenharia Industrial (DEGEI) Universidade de Aveiro Campus Universitario de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal Steven Buccola Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Nevenka Cavlek University of Zagreb Graduate School of Economics & Business Department of Tourism Trg J. Kennedyja 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia Carlos Costa Departamento de Economia, Gestao e Engenharia Industrial (DEGEI) Universidade de Aveiro Campus Universitario de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal Aliza Fleischer Department of Agricultural Economics and Management The Hebrew University of Jerusalem P.
Box 12, Rehovot 76-100 Israel Martin Fluker School of Hospitality, Tourism & Marketing Victoria University PO Box 14428 Melbourne Victoria 8001 Australia Dee Wood Harper, Jr. Department of Criminal Justice Loyola University New Orleans 6363 Saint Charles Avenue Stallings Hall, Box 14 New Orleans, LA 70118 USA Judy Holcomb Rosen College of Hospitality Management University of Central Florida, 9907 Universal Blvd Orlando, FL 32819-9357 USA x H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page xi Contributors Wilson Irvine Aberdeen Business School Robert Gordon University Garthdee, Aberdeen AB 24 7QE U. Aviad Israeli Department of Hotel and Tourism Management The School of Management Ben Gurion University of the Negev P.Box 653 Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel Brian King School of Hospitality, Tourism & Marketing, Victoria University, PO Box 14428 MC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 8001 Yoel Mansfeld Department of Geography & Environmental Studies & Center for Tourism, Pilgrimage & Recreation Research University of Haifa Haifa 31905 Israel Jerome McElroy Department of Business and Economics Saint Mary’s College Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA Damian Morgan School of Business Monash University Gippsland Campus Churchill Victoria 3842 Australia Gianna Moscardo School of Business James Cook University Townsville QLD 4811 Australia Abraham Pizam Rosen College of Hospitality Management University of Central Florida 9907 Universal Blvd Orlando, FL 32819-9357 USA xi H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page xii Contributors Arie Reichel Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management The School of Management Ben Gurion University of the Negev P.Box 653 Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel Greg Stafford Holiday Inn-on-the-Hill 415 New Jersey Ave., NW Washington, DC 20001 USA Peter Tarlow Tourism & More Inc. 1218 Merry Oaks, College Station, TX 77840-2609 USA Matthew Taverner Begawan Giri Estate P.
Box 54 Ubud 80571 Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia Geoffrey Wall Faculty of Environmental Studies University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada Barbara Woods School of Business James Cook University Townsville QLD 4811 Australia Larry Yu Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management School of Business The George Washington University 600 21st Street, NW Washington, DC 20052 USA xii H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page xiii Prologue Tourism and security incidents are inevitably interwoven phenomena. When secu- rity incidents such as wars, terrorism, crime, and civil unrest take place at or close to areas where tourism forms an important land use, the tourism industry, tourists, and the local community are always affected. Although this form of interrelation- ship has been manifested in various security related situations around the world since the beginning of modern tourism, it has gained substantial global interest only in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on US targets by al Qaida. Ever since this tragic event, tourism academics and practitioners alike have real- ized that security situations no longer negatively affect only a specific location, be it a given destination, a region, or an entire country.
Apparently, these incidents cause an imbalance in global tourism systems, forcing this highly important yet fragile global industry to operate under high uncertainty and risk levels. The coincident local and global fragility of the tourism industry as a result of security situations and the damage incurred by a crisis calls for long-term moni- toring and studying of these interrelations in order to mitigate the negative impacts. The first studies into the relationship between tourism and security inci- dents emerged in the beginning of the 1990s. These studies were triggered by a variety of security incidents, for example in the Middle East (mainly wars and ter- ror); in Central America (mainly civil unrest); and in North America, South America and Africa (mainly in the form of high rates of crime against tourists).
These events, and their repercussions, triggered academic interest in this field in the form of a number of academic conferences, academic articles, and an edited book entitled Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. That book, which was published in 1995, was our first collaborative effort to put security and tourism in the forefront of academic literature yet serve as relevant and practically oriented tourism research. Ten years later our second book is an attempt to pursue these goals a few steps further. The goals of this volume are twofold: First, the book attempts to develop the first two building blocks of a tourism security theory, which is based on the knowledge generated by the research and academic community as xiii H7898_Prelims.qxd 9/2/05 1:22 AM Page xiv Prologue well as by the accumulated experiences of numerous destinations that were afflicted by security crises.
Second, it provides a multidimensional discussion on managing security crises in affected tourist destinations. In this respect, this book represents a shift from case studies documenting the characteristics of impacts of security incidents on tourism, tourists, and host communities, to an academic discourse on how to handle and mitigate the consequences of such events. Indeed, in line with these goals, the book takes the reader from theory into the practical aspects. It starts with an in-depth theoretical chapter that synthesizes the scientific knowledge developed so far in this field of research.
Subsequently, both theoretical and practical matters are discussed under four themed sections. The book ends with a summary that draws on the recommended research agenda to fur- ther explore security and tourism relationships and thus expand and deepen both their theoretical foundations and the practical strategies to mitigate their negative impacts. We hope that this book will be meaningful and beneficial to students and researchers engaged in the study of the multidisciplinary fields of tourism and hos- pitality management. Concurrently we wish that tourism and hospitality practi- tioners will find this book a good and helpful reference and a practical guide for successful operations of tourism enterprises before, during, and after security crises.
Special thanks go to our valued contributors to this book who worked diligently to produce a quality product on time. We thank them for their attitude, patience, and teamwork. Yoel Mansfeld would like to convey his special thanks to all his col- leagues at the Department of Tourism Management at the Management School of the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, who hosted him during his sabbatical and thus facilitated the work on this book. We would also like to thank the publishers of Annals of Tourism Research; Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management; International Journal of Hospitality Management; Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly; and Applied Economics for allowing us to republish exceptionally high quality articles on tourism and security in the form of chapters in our book.
Lastly, we would like to convey our sincere gratitude to two special ladies, Mrs. Olga Sagi and Mrs. Genoveba Breitstein, who, for the third time, collaborated with us on the technical production of this book.qxd 8/24/05 8:02 AM Page 1 1 Toward a Theory of Tourism Security Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld Learning Objectives ■ To understand the process of theory building in the field of tourism security.