Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu Phonetics and Philology This page intentionally left blank Phonetics and Philology Sound Change in Italic JANE STUART-SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Jane Stuart-Smith 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-9257736 1 3 5 7 9 1 08 6 4 2 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddies Ltd.
For my parents This page intentionally left blank Preface The seeds of this book were sown in the first Comparative Philology lectures I attended given by Paddy Considine in 1985 as part of my first degree in Classics at University College London. As Paddy outlined the basic ideas behind comparative reconstruction and Proto-Indo-European, I wondered then about exactly what these reconstructions might have sounded like, and how they could have changed into the sounds attested, albeit indirectly, in the ancient inscrip- tions of Greek and Latin. Four years later I started the M. in Comparative Philology and General Linguistics at Oxford University, and had the good for- tune to attend my first Phonetics lectures given by Bruce Connell, a phonetician with a keen interest in the phonetics of sound change, who introduced me to John Ohala and his phonetic model of sound change.
From then on, I became determined to try to understand better the mechanisms of reconstructed sound change by considering and applying the findings of contemporary phonetic research. Apart from the exceptional work of W. Allen, both a distinguished philologist and a trained phonetician, who gracefully links the two, as in his classic book on the pronunciation of Latin, Vox Latina, detailed and informed phonetic discussion tends to be absent from philology. The selection of 'Italic' as my major language group for the M.
naturally led me to encounter the development of the voiced aspirates, and my quest for a resolution to the old debate began. I tackled it first in my M. thesis, and then again in my D., which was the basis for this book. For most of my doctoral research I was largely an 'observer' of phonetic research, in that I studied the subject keenly and carried out odd bits of informal auditory and acoustic analysis.
Only once I had finished my thesis did I start gathering my own recordings and carrying out systematic instrumental phonetic analysis, first on Panjabi. I then moved on to a long-term study of the accent of Glasgow. As I wrote the book my own personal experience as a phonetician confirmed the ideas I had once had, and enabled me to develop them further. Indeed my current research on variation and change in Glaswegian consonants demonstrates a range and complexity of variation which will inevitably inform models of reconstructed changes for consonants proposed by those working in philology.
The book started life as a thesis, and one that bridged two disciplines, phonetics and philology. I therefore have a number of people to thank for helping me at that stage of the work: John Penney, my 'main' supervisor, for careful reading and wise advice; John Coleman, for phonetic discussion, encouragement and enthusiasm; Bruce Connell, for a careful and systematic introduction to the phonetics of sound change, and Anna Morpurgo Davies, for engaged and lively discussion of the main issues. I also benefited from discussions and feedback viii Preface from phoneticians interested in sound change, and in particular with Paul Foulkes, Tore Janson, and John Ohala. My two examiners, David Langslow and Katrina Hayward, were keen and enthusiastic critics.
Both provided me with support and detailed feedback, and I was very happy that David agreed to read the book once again in draft and offer more advice. At the same time I am very sad that Katrina will not see the finished volume. When I took up my post at Glasgow my intrepid colleagues Jeremy Smith and Christian Kay read the thesis and urged me to publish it. Once the book was in draft I was very fortunate to have comments from two anonymous readers for the Press, and from the following readers: Paul Foulkes, Brian Joseph, Joshua Katz, Gerhard Meiser, John Penney, Helmut Rix, Jürgen Untermann and Rex Wallace.
It was particularly encouraging for me to have such a positive response from Helmut Rix, and from his colleagues, Jürgen Untermann and Gerhard Meiser, all of whom have done so much to extend our understanding of Italic. I have received financial support at different stages of this work. My post- graduate work was funded by the British Academy, and supported by Christ Church, my first college. I subsequently received a Levick Sisters' Senior Scholarship from Somerville College, together with generous grants towards conference attendance.
The Committee for Comparative Philology and General Linguistics, the Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory, and the University of Oxford also provided financial support for this purpose. I was able to see many of the inscriptions during a research visit to Italy in the autumn of 1992. This would not have been possible without the generous support of the British School of Rome, the Craven Committee, and the University of Oxford. Anna Sommella and the late Alessandro Vaciago were instrumental in helping me to access many of the materials there.
More recently, the Arts and Humanities Research Board has helped considerably, but inadvertently, by awarding me a grant for research leave during which I was able to devote my time to writing and completing the book. I have also received a great deal of personal support. During my graduate days, I was fortunate in my student friends, and in particular in Stephen Colvin, Eleanor Dickey, Niall Livingstone, Philomen Probert and Jason Zerdin, some of whom know far too much about the voiced aspirates and their development in Italic. When I considered applying to the Department of English Language at Glasgow, I was told by several that it was the friendliest department in the country.
I can vouch that this is indeed true. All of my colleagues in the Department of English Language have been supportive in their own ways, but Eleanor Lawson has to be thanked for helping with the scanning, Katie Lowe for coffee at just the right time, Simon Horobin for patiently listening to reports of how it was all going, and Mike MacMahon for being a very understanding Head of Department. I must also mention all those involved at Oxford University Press, Henry Miller, and Virginia Masardo for speedy yet careful copy-editing, and especially my patient editor John Davey for waiting for so long to receive the Preface ix manuscript. There was a good reason for the delay, or rather two good reasons, in the form of Alexander and Max, who have made the final stages so much more enjoyable.
Finally, I thank my family for their love and support: my parents-in-law, my parents, my sister and her family, and my husband, Wolf-Gerrit Früh. S-S 30 June 2003 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I am very grateful to G. Bretschneider for permission to reproduce Figure 1 from 'L'iscrizione di Poggio Sommavilla', by A. Marinetti which appeared in Studi Etruschi, 1985, volume 51, on page 169, and to Elsevier Science for allowing me to reprint Figure 5 from 'Stop voicing in Hindi' by K.
Davis which appeared in Journal of Phonetics, 1994, Volume 22, on p186. This page intentionally left blank List of Abbreviations 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person abl. Classical Armenian CT cricothyroid muscle dat. dative D Degrassi (1965) EBen.
Eastern Bengali ELat. Early Latin EM Ernout-Meillet (1979) EMG electromyography Eng. feminine F0 fundamental frequency Fal. Faliscan-Latin fut.
Gandhari GDp Gandhari Dharmapada gen. genitive Gk Greek Got. Haryanvi Hz Hertz IA Indo-Aryan INT interarytenoid muscle Iran. imperative xiv List of Abbreviations Lat.
Latin LCA lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Lit. Lithuanian LIV Rix (1998a) LF Giacomelli (1963) loc. Marathi MIA Middle Indo-Aryan MIr. Middle Irish ms milliseconds Nep.
neuter NHG New High German NIA New Indo-Aryan nom. Oscan OCS Old Church Slavonic OE Old English OHG Old High German OHern. Old Hernican OHG Old High German OIA Old Indo-Aryan OIr. Old Irish OLat.
Old Latin OLG Old Low German ON Old Norse OLD Glare (1982) OsGk Osco-Greek alphabet OsLat. Osco-Latin alphabet OsNat. Oscan native alphabet OU Osco-Umbrian OUmb. Old Umbrian OVols.
Old Volscian Pael. passive PCA posterior cricoarytenoid muscle perf. perfect PIE Proto-Indo-European Pk. Pokorny (1959) Pkt Prakrit List of Abbreviations xv pl.
Poultney Po Poccetti (1979) Port. Portuguese PrGk Proto-Greek PrIt. Proto-Italic PrLat. Proto-Latin pres.
Prosdocimi Ps subglottal pressure PS Presamnite Rom. singular Skt Sanskrit SPic. South Picene subj. subjunctive TA thyroarytenoid muscle TI Tabulae Iguvinae U.
Umbro-Latin alphabet UmNat. Umbrian native alphabet Uo oral air flow Ve Vetter (1953) Vest. vocative VOC vocalis muscle VOT voice onset time WBen. Western Bengali WH Walde-Hofmann (1938) YAv.
Young Avestan Conventions 1 Representation of the voiced aspirates The sounds which are central to this book may be transcribed in a number of different ways, for example bh, the old philological convention; bh , the now usual philological convention; [b], the phonetic transcription of the Interna- tional Phonetic Alphabet (IPA 1996); [b h ], found in many phonetic texts, also [bfi] and [bfi]. Here I use 'bh' either in italics to indicate a reconstructed form, or with the appropriate brackets to indicate phonemes or allophones. 2 Fonts I follow the usual philological conventions of giving reconstructed and attested forms in italics. When referring to examples from inscriptions, italics are used to indicate the Latin alphabet and bold text is used to indicate native alphabet.
3 Letters I use angled brackets to indicate letters, and give Latin alphabet letters in capitals, Greek alphabet letters in Greek alphabet, and native alphabet letters in lower case. I use 8 to represent the Sabellic figure of eight symbol. 4 Texts References to Faliscan texts are to the collections in Vetter (1953) and Giacomelli (1963), with more recent inscriptions given according to first publication. Sabellic texts are given as in Rix (2002).
References to the Iguvine Tables (Um 1 in Rix 2002) are given without the preceding Um 1. Etruscan texts are given as in Rix (1991). 5 Translations In earlier work on Italic it was usual to translate Sabellic and Faliscan words into Latin. This had the advantage of giving in one word core meaning, grammatical form, and Latin cognate.
It also presumed that the reader was familiar with Conventions xvii Latin, and given that the interpretation of these texts is largely dependent on formal correspondences with Latin, this was a reasonable assumption. Here I give English translations for Sabellic and Faliscan, and supply in addition Latin cognates.