VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LE PHU THINH SYNTHESIS OF CARBON MATERIALS FROM JACKFRUIT CORE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TREATMENT Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, June 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor 1: Assoc. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Supervisor 2: Assoc. Trần Tấn Việt Examiner 1: Dr. Trần Phước Nhật Uyên Examiner 2: Dr.
Phạm Thị Hồng Phượng This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on on 24th June 2024. Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Nguyễn Trường Sơn: Chairman 2. Phạm Hoàng Huy Phước Lợi: Secretary 3.
Trần Phước Nhật Uyên: Examiner 1 4. Phạm Thị Hồng Phượng: Examiner 2 5. Trần Tấn Việt: Commissioner Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected (If any). CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom – Happiness THE TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: Lê Phú Thịnh Student ID: 2370086 Day of birth: 14/03/2000 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: Chemical Engineering Major ID: 8520301 I.
THESIS TITLE (In Vietnamese): Tổng hợp vật liệu carbon từ lõi quả mít ứng dụng xử lý môi trường. THESIS TITLE (In English): Synthesis of carbon materials from jackfruit core for environmental treatment. TASKS AND CONTENTS: – Fabrication of cobalt-doped carbon material with various conditions. – Evaluating MB degradation ability of the synthesized Co-doped carbon under various synthesis conditions.
– Evaluating MB degradation ability of the synthesized Co-doped carbon under various reaction conditions. THESIS START DATE: 01/2024 V. THESIS COMPLETION DATE: 05/2024 VI. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Assoc.
Trần Tấn Việt Ho Chi Minh City, 16th June 2024 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR 1 SUPERVISOR 2 Assoc. Lê Thị Kim Phụng Assoc. Trần Tấn Việt DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I first want to acknowledge that one page is not enough for me to fully express my gratitude to those who have helped me throughout my path of completing this thesis and also my college years. Although I could only name a few here, please know that I am grateful to acknowledge my depth to all lecturers who taught me and all my friends and classmates.
Among these people, I wish to highlight some individuals who had the most impact on me. First and foremost, I acknowledge Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for supporting this study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my research supervisors, Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung, and Assoc.
Tran Tan Viet, whose classes sparked my interest in the processes and equipment major and gave me the opportunity to do research in the Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research center (RPTC). I would like to thank MSc. Do Nguyen Hoang Nga, and Msc. Tran Anh Khoi, who supported me both physically and mentally with all the necessary facilities, knowledge, and helpful advice.
I am honored to be your student and advisee, and I aspire to become an amazing person like you. I could not thank you enough for your patience, enthusiasm, passion, and considerable knowledge. Your guidance led me through the darkest and most difficult periods of my research, and you were always by my side all the time in RPTC lab. Also, I would like to thank my closest friends at HCMUT: Hoang Anh, Khanh, Phuoc, Phong, Truong, Tin, Ha, and An.
Without them, I couldn’t have a fulfilled university life, and I would never have become the person I am today. Last but not least, all praises and thanks to my family, particularly my mom for spiritually and financially supporting me throughout my entire life and lighting me up whenever I am down. Ho Chi Minh City, May, 2024 Lê Phú Thịnh ii ABSTRACT The removal of dyes from industrial wastewater has grown increasingly difficult in consequence of the growing contaminants in the environment. Consequently, the goal of this study is to investigate the degradation of dyes by the application of advanced oxidation processes, specifically the heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate by cobalt-doped carbon catalysts.
Hydrothermal and pyrolysis processes are utilized for processing the jackfruit core to produce the carbon source for the catalyst. The factors concerning the fabrication of the catalyst material and the reaction parameters are thoroughly examined in this work. Evaluations are also conducted on the chemical structure and surface morphology of catalyst. The results illustrate that cobalt-doped carbon exhibited a remarkable ability to degrade methylene blue dye molecules.
This degradation is facilitated through the production of reactive radicals such as SO• and OH• , which are production in the effective activation of PMS. Within a span of 20 minutes, the process achieves a notable removal efficiency of 87. The study also examines the reusability of catalyst. After being conducted 9 cycles of reuse, the cobalt-doped carbon catalyst demonstrates a retention of its effectiveness, maintaining a removal efficiency exceeding 50%.
This indicates that the catalyst not only performs efficiently in the initial application but also sustains significant activity over multiple employments. The main reactive oxidized species are identified to figure out the mechanism of action of the catalyst. The removal of several other dyes is found to be highly effective with the cobalt-doped carbon catalysts having the greatest removal efficiency of 90. These results highlight the usefulness of cobalt-doped carbon in treating wastewater containing dyes by guaranteeing high treatment efficiency while also repurposing agricultural waste to create an eco-friendly catalyst material.
iii TÓM TẮT Việc loại bỏ thuốc nhuộm từ nước thải công nghiệp ngày càng trở nên khó khăn hơn do các chất gây ô nhiễm trong môi trường ngày càng tăng. Do đó, mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là đánh giá kiểm tra sự phân hủy của thuốc nhuộm bằng cách áp dụng quá trình oxy hóa nâng cao, cụ thể là kích hoạt dị thể của persulfatemonopersulfate bằng xúc tác cobalt-doped carbon. Các quy trình thủy nhiệt và nhiệt phân được sử dụng để xử lý lõi quả mít nhằm tạo ra nguồn carbon cho xúc tác. Các yếu tố liên quan đến chế tạo vật liệu xúc tác và các thông số phản ứng được xem xét kỹ lưỡng trong nghiên cứu này.
Các phân tích cũng được thực hiện về cấu trúc hóa học và hình thái bề mặt của xúc tác. Kết quả cho thấy cobalt-doped carbon thể hiện khả năng đáng kể trong việc phân hủy các phân tử thuốc nhuộm methylene blue. Quá trình phân hủy này được thúc đẩy thông qua việc sản xuất các gốc tự do phản ứng như SO• và OH• , điều này dẫn đến việc kích hoạt hiệu quả PMS. Trong khoảng thời gian 20 phút, quá trình đạt được hiệu suất loại bỏ đáng chú ý là 87,2%.
Hơn nữa, nghiên cứu cũng kiểm tra khả năng tái sử dụng của xúc tác. Sau 9 chu kỳ tái sử dụng, xúc tác cobalt-doped carbon vẫn duy trì hiệu quả loại bỏ trên 50%. Điều này cho thấy xúc tác không chỉ hoạt động hiệu quả trong ứng dụng ban đầu mà còn duy trì hoạt động đáng kể qua nhiều lần sử dụng. Ngoài ra, các loại gốc oxy hóa chủ yếu được xác định để làm rõ cơ chế hoạt động của xúc tác.
Việc loại bỏ nhiều loại thuốc nhuộm khác nhau cũng cho thấy là rất hiệu quả với xúc tác cobalt-doped carbon, đạt hiệu suất loại bỏ cao nhất là 90,3%. Những kết quả này làm nổi bật tính hữu dụng của cobalt-doped carbon trong xử lý nước thải chứa thuốc nhuộm bằng cách đảm bảo hiệu quả xử lý cao đồng thời tái sử dụng phế phẩm nông nghiệp để tạo ra một vật liệu xúc tác thân thiện với môi trường. iv GUARANTEE I hereby declare that I am the sole individual who was responsible for the workload in this thesis, under the supervision of Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung and Assoc.
Tran Tan Viet, at Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM. The data and experimental results in this thesis were completely authentic and have not been published in any other dissertations of the same academic level. If the above declaration is not true, I will take full responsibility for my thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, May 2024 Author Le Phu Thinh v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
viii LIST OF FIGURES.ix LIST OF TABLES. Current situations of jackfruit in Vietnam. Textile dye wastewater and remediation techniques. Textile dye wastewater.
Wastewater treatment methods. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation results in oxidizing agents for the decomposition of organic contaminants as AOPs. The activated methods of PMS. Homogenous transition metals for activation of PMS.
Heterogeneous transition metals for PMS activation. PMS activation by UV irradiation. PMS activation by ultrasound and conduction electron. Solid supporter types for the synthesis of cobalt-doped material.
Metal oxides/hydroxides. Carbon-based materials. Other solid substrates. Current studies of the utilization of Co-doped carbon for heterogeneous PMS activation to degrade organic pollutants.
Research objectives and contents. Materials and instruments. Experimental equipment and instruments. Fabrication of aerogel derived from jackfruit core.
Fabrication of cobalt-doped carbon. Degradation of dye via advanced oxidation processes. Determination of dye removal efficiency. Point of zero charge (pHpzc).
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Investigating the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the Co-JA.
Investigating the effect of loading cobalt content on the Co-JA. Investigating the effect of catalyst dosages on MB removal efficiency. Investigating the effect of PMS concentrations on MB removal efficiency. Investigating the effect of MB concentrations on MB removal efficiency.
Investigating the effect of temperature on MB removal efficiency. Investigating the effect of pH values on MB removal efficiency. Investigating the effect of anions on MB removal efficiency. Identification of main reactive oxidized species.
Investigating the regeneration of the cobalt-doped carbon. Investigating the the ability of Co-JA-350 to decompose dyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 99 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOPs Advanced oxidation process Co-JA Cobalt-doped jackfruit core Co-JA-X Cobalt-doped carbon with X is pyrolysis temperature CR Congo red CV Crystal violet EtOH Ethanol FFA Furfuryl alcohol FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy JA Treated jackfruit core MB Methylene blue MO Methylene orange SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy TBA Tert-butyl alcohol TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis XRD X-ray diffraction ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.2 The inside of the jackfruit with cross-sections in both vertical and horizontal directions [6].3 Industrial textile waste dispersing both on land and in water [13].4 Synthetic dye classifications according to solubility [19].5 The model and the structure of methylene blue [24].6 Industries resulting in dyes by sector [15].7 Techniques for treating wastewater [19].8 Molecular structure of PMS [48].9 PMS activation by transition metals as homogeneous catalyst [50].10 The heterogeneous activation of PMS [50].11 Various cobalt species immobilization with different substrates [50].1 Pre-treatment of jackfruit core procedure.2 Fabrication of cobalt-doped carbon procedure.3 UV-Vis instrument (Model: Lovibond XD7000) .8 FE-SEM instrument (Model: Tescan Mira 4).1 SEM images of jackfruit after treatment a) JA, cobalt-doped treated jackfruit b) Co-JA, cobalt-doped carbon with various pyrolysis temperature c) Co- JA-300, d) Co-JA-350, e) Co-JA-400, f) Co-JA-450, g) Co-JA-500.2 EDS mapping of Co-JA-350 a) elements b) C, c) O, d) N, d) Co.3 Weight fraction cobalt-doped carbon with various pyrolysis temperature.4 X-ray diffraction of jackfruit after treatment, and cobalt-doped carbon with various pyrolysis temperature.5 FTIR spectroscopy of of jackfruit after treatment, and cobalt-doped carbon with various pyrolysis temperature.