MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology RECOVERY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM GRAPE POMACE USING NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: TRAN THU HIEN Supervisor: Assoc. KHA CHAN TUYEN MSc. NGUYEN THI THANH THAO Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology RECOVERY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM GRAPE POMACE USING NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: TRAN THU HIEN Supervisor: Assoc. KHA CHAN TUYEN MSc.
NGUYEN THI THANH THAO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Kha Chan Tuyen, MSc. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao, my instructors at the Nong Lam University for allowing me to do research and providing inspiration, careful orientation, encouragement, precious guidance that was extremely valuable for my bachelor thesis both theoretically and practically. A special thanks to Hong Ngoc and Khanh Huyen, my companions in this thesis.
Their support and assistance during my thesis laboratory work including encouragement, knowledge also experience is uncountable. Finally, I am heavily indebted to my family for all their care, love, patience, moral and financial support, which allowed me to get back on my feet at several points in this journey facing several difficult challenges. Their unwavering enthusiasm, indispensable encouragement, infinite faith, and steadfast support have significantly contributed to the successful completion of my bachelor thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 TRAN THU HIEN ABSTRACT Grapes are among the most significant and commonly cultivated fruit crops, with a large portion being utilized for wine production.
As the demand for wine increases, so does the production of grape by-products. Grape pomace, the primary solid residue of winemaking, contains a high content of bioactive compounds, primarily gallic acid, flavonoids such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, anthocyanin, and other bioactive compounds like resveratrol (3,4’,5-trihydroxytrans-stilbene). NDES (natural deep eutectic solvents) represent green solvents that meet environmentally friendly criteria and are relatively safe alternatives. The investigation into the bioactive contents including TPC (total polyphenols), TSC (total saponins), and PA (proanthocyanidins) was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods, while the individual bioactive composition was analyzed through targeted and screening UHPLC-QTOF- MS/MS analysis.
The objective of the present study was to determine the optimal conditions for various extraction methods using eutectic solvents (NDES), with a choline chloride to citric acid ratio of 2:1 (w/w). In this research, a series of experiments were conducted to analyze the raw material and determine the impact of various solid-liquid ratios (1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:35, w/w), extraction stages (1, 2, 3, 4 stages), and compare the extraction efficiency of different solvents on the total bioactive compounds (TPC, TSC, and PA). The results indicated that the solution obtained with a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 achieved the highest levels of TPC, TSC, and PA. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that employing 3 stages of extraction led to the recovery of the highest content of TPC, TSC, and PA, measuring at 42.21 mg GAE/g dw, 109.55 mg AE/g dw, and 17.02 mg CE/g dw, respectively.
Additionally, the final experiment confirmed that NDES exhibited the highest efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds compared to 50% ethanol and water. Keywords: Vitis vinifera L., red grape, choline chloride, polyphenol, saponin, proanthocyanidin. il TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMEN csezissestsssietfisboesgidi50a939406600595000259336458193023500040G5030ds436 1 NBS 1Ì, ÁN (C5 Ìu:-4sscssggerigsnizstbitopstetBobigossstt0iasgsBisSuEc3hincgtetioEhisg48qgRosdg93894HE1E20500G08GP/3003”:Eidgasseaossgss-ucl il IV. ill LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS.- - 1 SH TH HH HH HH HH HH M LIST OF TABLES cissggai S0 141681153 G0646358048595630680395195843EGGS3A413543383461335338 615338200083 VI LIST OF FIGURES ben eeeisersbseroissetsoEEESELasS961S03386844-3085923E23000058 8038 k-SeSE.a09su5002uessi0n molvil Chapter L.
INTRODUGTIONcccssscasessssnnnesnnenseonartosnsnnossnatsvstion tawticisnnsvnacnasaneasensasinies | LL. 1 VD), TC) HIEGEVGS. LITERATURE REVIEW wvssssevcsssssseeveemenennemenvneneen eanenreaesenees 3 2. Overview of Red Cardinal grape (Vitis vinifera L.1 OflpiiHd ElãSSIGấäHðIHssisessssazeidseibbiioiidisnikiidEldEsiLaSS00S0kda 0339200303868 3 2.3 Productivity of grape in the WOrÌd.4 Productivity of grape in ViHAHsssssssssseawdarsaebigteiiodiagiaooassssesast 6 2.
Grape by-product in the IndUSTV.1 Phenolics and their characteristics .2 Saponins and their characteristics.3 Proanthocyanidins and their characteristics. Overview of extraction methods. Overview of natural deep eutectic solvent (NDES).1 Choline chloride - citric acid based NDES. ------+5+-c+-xs+cssss 15 Chapter 3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Time and place ofresearch. 17 Bids, JNREETNB | hsanssnndastioirsnustttbdiiiatGBOiDDiGESSEIRGSSHBHGEGQHHERRHSSIXEHSISSGEHSBCRRHSRSESSEISGISRSS4RS0ĐSHBMEE 17 3.Red cardinal grape pomace. - + 22322 S*t E2 vn re 17 S22; NGABGHSpsiaraiiugrdoiOioeEBHGOSEDIIEOSES-SSGGSESESAESSEIGĐSASENEASESGEXSEISHEGTSIE38S08S008 18 5.eeieeiiiieieiiiiiebieseneessEisabnssadkiaeusEilee 18 Deeb, (| BWETHHHsssssssasseandieitiiiietiiiOEDHES-IEDSEDEGHIEESHESGPSEGESAE-NESSEEEREHHGEEGGJSRENHSSHBSS 18 10 OO Secrest 18 B33, Methodolosy secmrseceuw:sarsmecseenncee eee ee ee 18 3.
--- Ác HH 4H HH HH Hà HH ng cờ 21 3. Experiment 1: Qualitative analysis by LC-MS/MS. Experiment 2: Effect of material-to-solvent ratio (w/w) on total bioactive compounds in grape pomace powder ©XTAC(. Experiment 3: Effect of multistage extraction on total bioactive compounds in grape pomace powder ©XFAC(.
Experiment 4: Comparison ofefficiency between NDES and conventional solvents in extracting bioactive compounids.-- ---- 5 ++s++s+++s++sz+zxs+eeszxzess 24 3.5, Analytical methodS eecessecumm seme BEE eR 25 35. Total triterpenoid saponin content (TSC).5: ‘Lotal proanthocyanidin CONEKE. ccc cnc aranamencmmaas Si 3.6, Statistioal analysis sossonsebasieioiaitooI236048GG R-6S9)5I0ESL1SSI23GQÄRESRSEEUĐESBiSaDMSSSNJEU34588 2d Chapter 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIƠN.
Qualitative analysis by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Effects of material-to-solvent ratio on extraction of bioactive compounds. Effects of multistage extraction on the total bioactive compounds’ recovery CHE CION CY srcrwescsnersessseerems see-sneee sere ee ruse eta tc ear rat rete 32 4. Comparison of efficiency between NDES and conventional solvents in extracting bioactive COMPOUNAS N4.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.unsessseeem rere mE 37 5. Recommendation ercsscscessasarsnssenenseessansseawncevwassniansanvaancnanemauceuaneaucns verseawstesises 37 3398850569555. 39 PNBIBEINIOIG szssssozssRpzgSgiLgikiiSiliessbdiEssogita2tlgceEia2kcslieasscsltrgosktasgSNoSbieeuudsgidAfssengdesdscbss 44 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NDES Natural deep eutectic solvent CA Citric acid ChCl Choline Chloride FC Folin-Ciocalteu MC Moisture content dw Dry weight db Dry basis TPC Total phenolic contents TSC Total saponin contents PA Proanthocyanidins GAE Gallic acid equivalent AE Aescin equivalent CE Catechin equivalent w/w Weight/weight LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Gradient program for LC-MS/MS system.2 Parameters of QTOQP .1 Chemical compounds of grape pomace powder analyzed by LC-MS/MS .2 Bioactive composition of grape pomace poW€r.- ------++-cs+ss+s 35 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 02084.2 Phenolic composition structures 1n Ø7Ap€S.-- 5 5c ss+csssreererers 10 Figure 2.3 Saponin composition structures 1n 8fAD€S.4 Proanthocyanidin composition structures 11 8TAD€S.5 Hydrogen bonding between the anion of choline chloride and the hydroxyl P1/0019000891612.1 Red grape pomace from Ninh Thuan.-- --- -5- 55+ +<£+*£+ec+ee+erxerrerrecxe 17 Figure 3.2 Flow chart of grape pomace powder preparaf1OI.3 Grape pomace, seeds, branches and grape pomace powder though the PROCESS 10S tne cpcere essere ctseaun settee sa ae wera rte ren tates terre ceca crane điS03408 20 Figure 3.4 Flow chart of extraction DFOC€SS.-- -- 5 222 2232221321 2 re 21 HIGũf6:ð:ð SOlVCiL DGäBTHẨTs‹sxsscssecssskccS6,51562 5260386156 63200668, 85-30:1823E2E6 dentate testa Seataanvaase seamed 22 Figure 4.1 Effect of material-to-solvent ratio on extraction of bioactive compounds .2 Effect of multistage extraction process on bioactive compounds recovery 33 Figure 4.3 Extract efficiency of solvents on total bioactive compounds in grape pomace 096. Introduction Grape (Vitis vinifera L.
sativa) is typically cultivated in regions with moderately warm temperatures and is esteemed worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal properties (Bail et al. As one of the primary naturally occurring dietary sources of polyphenols, this fruit is associated with numerous health benefits. It 1s important to emphasize that factors such as grape variety, degree of maturity, as well as agronomic and environmental conditions, can all influence phenolic content (Adams, 2006). Grape production stands as one of the primary agricultural economic activities worldwide, with global production exceeding 77 million tons in 2013.
Presently, the annual production of grapes totals up to 210 million tons, with 15% allocated to the wine industry. According to estimates by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV, 2019), global wine production reached 279 million hL (millions of hectolitres) in 2014. This socio-economic endeavor generates a significant amount of solid waste, amounting to up to 30% (w/w) of grape raw materials (Teixeira et al. The predominant byproduct of the wine industry, known as grape pomace, comprises the remnants of stems, stalks, skins, and seeds following grape pressing.
Despite its abundance, the high perishability of grape by-products poses a significant challenge for both the food industry and the environment. However, recent research indicates that by- products derived from the skin, stems, and seeds of wine grapes serve as rich natural reservoirs of biological compounds, including phenolics, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and tannins. These compounds exhibit potent biological activity and hold promise in preventing conditions such as cancer, blood vessel blockage, and atherosclerosis (Pietta et al. Thus, the recovery of biological compounds from grape by-products and their transformation into economically viable products represent a pathway toward sustainable development within the wine production system.
Objectives The main objectives of this study were to determine the total polyphenol (TPC), total saponin (TSC), and proanthocyanidins (PA) contents of extracts from Red Cardinal grape pomace. Additionally, the study examined the impact ofdifferent types of solvents on the recovery of TPC, TSC, and PA. The specific aims of the study were as follows: ¢ Quantitate the biochemical components in grape pomace. e Investigate the effect of the ratio of raw materials to solvent on the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from grape pomace.
e Examine the influence of the number of extraction stages (1, 2, 3 and, 4 stages) on the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from grape pomace. « Compare the efficiency of extraction between NDES and conventional solvents (water, ethanol 50%) in extracting bioactive compounds. Overview of Red Cardinal grape (Vitis vinifera L.1 Origin and classification Vines belong to the Vitaceae plant family. The genus Vitis comprises 70 species, which can be categorized into two subgenera: Muscadinia and Euvitis.
Species within the Euvitis subgenus are most significant in viticulture and are classified geographically as North American (Ƒ.), and Eurasian species (V. Interspecific hybrids, resulting from crosses between V. vinifera cultivars and cultivars from other Vitis species, constitute a distinct group of grape cultivars. The first hybrids emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, exhibiting resistance to various pests and fungal diseases and a notably different polyphenolic profile than V.
In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in studying such cultivars. vinifera boasts between 5000 and 10,000 varieties, of which about 2000 are commercially valuable. These cultivars are categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of anthocyanins in the grape berry skin: red and white (Walker et al. Grape cultivars are further classified as table or wine grapes depending on their primary application (Liang et al.
A grape berry comprises three distinct tissues: skin, pulp, and seed. These tissues harbor a wide array of substances, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, minerals, fragrance compounds, and phenols (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic, and hydroxybenzoic acids). (Quideau et al., 2011) provided a more precise definition of these chemicals, stating that "Plant phenolics" and "polyphenols" generally refer to secondary natural metabolites derived biogenetically from the "polyketide" acetate/malonate pathway or the "shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway," or both. These pathways produce monomeric and polymeric phenols and polyphenols, as defined chemically above, serving various physiological roles in plants".
This definition delineates hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids as phenols, while anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes are categorized as polyphenols. According to published research, phenols possess anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit tumor growth, and demonstrate proapoptotic and antiangiogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo. These substances also aid in preventing bone resorption and regulating the immune system. Evidence suggests that phenols can alleviate osteoporosis, enhance blood vessel constituents to improve capillary resistance, protect the retina, and safeguard the cardiovascular system.
These compounds find application as natural additives in various food-related industries, as well as in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors (Stambuk et al. The Red Cardinal grape (Vitis vinifera L.), classified as a table grape variety, belongs to the Vitaceae family and Vitales’s order of plants.