in civil engineering Editor-in-Chief: Haimei Zhang Translator: Shuo Ma, Yanyan Wu ~~ WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi Science Press Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3H5, UK www.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnnt Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA1902- 3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002, India www. com Published in China by Science Press, 16 Donghuangchengggen North Street, Beijing 100717, China First published 201 1, Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press 0Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press, 201 1 The authors have asserted their moral rights. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-955-0 (print) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1 -84569-956-7 (online) Typeset by (Science Press to add) Printed by (Science Press to add) Preface As one of the Programming Textbooks for New-century Higher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering, this book is published by Science Press in August, 2001.
This book has won the special prize of 2001-2003 Programming Textbooks for National IIigher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering proposed by Textbook Construction Expert Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has gained good evaluations from peer experts, construction technicians and teachers. It is one of the “Eleventh Five-year Plan” National Textbooks for General Higher Education. This book is suitable for students majoring in “Civil Engineering”, “Construction Engineering”, “Engineering Supervision”, “Costing Engineering”, and “Water Supply and Drainage Engineering”, also for the engineers and technicians engaging in the relevant specialties.
For the sake of requirements for higher vocational and profcssional teaching and vocational education, this book not only focuses on cement, concrete, steel, new waterproof materials, but also introduces the environment-friendly materials. It tries to make the teaching materials more applicable, more substantial, more succinct, and more novel. Since it ‘was published, this book has been amended and rewritten carefully to satisfj the new amended national regulations and standards. Due to the limited knowledge in the compilation of this book, mistakes and errors cannot be fully avoided.
The comments and criticism from the readers will be highly appreciated. Zhang tIaimci June, 2010 Introduction This chapter focuses on the classifications and the technical standards of building materials; it summarizes the characteristics of building materials and their status in construction engineering briefly; and also it introduces the development of building materials.1 Definitions and Classifications of Building Materials In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the materials or products used in structures or buildings are called building materials which are the material foundation for all the construction engineering. The building materials discussed in this course are all the materials used in building foundations, bases, floors, walls, beams, plates, roofs and architectural decoration. There is a wide variety of building materials.
They are usually classified from different angles for the sake of study, application and description. The most common classifications are based on their chemical components and functions. 1) According to the chemical components of building materials, they can be classified into inorganic materials, organic materials and composite materials, as follows: Metal: Steel, Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Various Types of Alloys Inorganic Metalloid: Natural Stone. Cement, Concrete, Glass, Uurncd Soil Products,etc.
Materials Mctal-metalloid Composition: Reinforced Concrete, etc. Wood, Plastics, Synthetic Rubber, Petroleum Asphalt. I n o v i c MetalQganic Cornpsition: Polymer Concrete, Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics, etc. Metal-Organic Composition: Light Metal Sandwich Panels, ctc.
2 Building materials in civil engineering 2) According to the functions of materials, they can be divided into structural materials and functional materials: Structural Materials: mainly used as load-bearing members, such as the materials used for beams, plates and columns. Functional Materials: mainly possessing some special functions in construction, such as waterproof, ornamental and heat-insulating functions, etc.2 Characteristics of Building Materials and Their Status in Architecture Building matcrials are the material foundation for all the construction engineering. Building materials industry which is one of the important basic industries of national economy promotes the development of the construction industry. Various buildings and structures are constructed by all kinds of building materials on the basis of reasonable design.
The varieties, specifications and qualities of building materials are directly related to the applicability, artistry and durability of buildings and also to the cost of projects. A large ncmber of high-quality industrial and civil buildings need to be built for the development of society. Meanwhile, a great deal of water conservancy projects, traffic engineering and port projects need to be built to adapt to the rapid development of the national economy. It requires lots of high-quality building materials which accords with the application environment of projects.
Therefore, building materials industry is usually considered as the basic industry for the construction engineering. Building materials not only have a large consumption, but also are expensive. In the total cost of the construction, the cost of building materials often accounts for about 50 percent. Thus, it is significant to properly choose and reasonably utilize building materials in the construction for the reduction of costs and the improvement of investment benefits.
A large number of new building materials continue to emerge, often promoting the innovation and development of construction techniques. For example, the emergence of clay bricks contributes to the brick-timber structure; the reinforced concrete structure comes from concrete and steel bar; light high-strength materials promote the development of modem buildings 1 Introduction 3 and high-rise buildings; the application of various functional materials in the construction industry continues to create diversified comfortable living and production environment and to conserve energy. In short, the application of building materials in the projects must possess the following characteristics: the function required by projects, the durability proper for the environmental conditions, the rich resources to meet the needs of construction, and low price. In the building environment, the ideal building materials should be light, high-strength, aesthetic, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing, waterproof, shockproof, fireproof, non-toxic, and efficient, etc.3 The Development of Building Materials Various building materials form the living environment of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an important symbol of humans’ material civilization.
Building materials develop with the improvement of the productivity and living standards. In the early age, human beings inhabited “cave dwelling”. After the Iron Age, they began digging, chipping and logging with simple tools to build shabby houses by natural materials; and with the use of fire, people learned how to burn bricks, tiles and limes, in which way building materials entered the artificial production stage. In lSLhand 19‘hcentury, steel, cement, concrete and reinforced concrete continuously emerged with the rise of capitalism, the rapid development and the improve of traffic, which pushed building materials into a new stage of development.
Since the 20thcentury, the formation and development of material science and engineering had contributed to not only the improvement of building materials in function and quality, but also the varieties. Some new building materials with special functions came into being, such as heat-insulating materials, sound-absorbing materials, ornamental materials, heat-resistant and waterproof materials, impermeable materials and wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and explosion-proof, and anti-radiation materials, etc. In the second half of the 20thcentury, building materials evolved towards light, high-strength and functional direction. In the new century, as humans’ awareness of environmental protection has been strengthened, non-toxic and pollution-free “Green Building Materials” 4 Building materials in civil engineering are recommended increasingly and human beings can build their own “Green Home” with new building materials.4 The Introduction of Building Materials’ Technical Standards The implementing standards should be established for the various techniques of material products because of the scientific management of the modem material production.
Product Standards are the standards established for products to meet some or all the requirements in order to guarantee the applicability of products. They generally includes product specifications, classifications, technical functions, testing methods, rules of inspection and acceptance, packaging, storage, transport and others. For example, cement, ceramic and steel have their own product standards. Building Material Standards are the technical foundations for the inspection of product quality and the bases for the acceptance of product quality referred to by both sides of supply and demand.
The structure designs and construction techniques can be standardized accordingly by the reasonable selection of materials in the construction engineering, which will accelerate the construction and maximize the benefit of the engineering practice. Recently, there are three categories used in China, as follows: (1) National Standards National Standards include mandatory standards (code-named GB), and recommendatory standards (code-named GB / T). (2) Industry Standards Industry Standards include the construction industry standards (code-named JGJ), building material industry standards (code-named JC), metallurgical industry standards (code-named YB) and transport industry standards (code-named JT) and so on. (3) Regional Standards (code-named DBJ) and Enterprise Standards (code-named QB) The expression of regional standards includes the standard name, the department code, the serial number and the year of approval.
For example: The National Standard (Mandatory), The Hot-rolled Ribbed Steel Bars for the Reinforced Concrete (GB 1499-1998). 1 Introduction 5 The National Standard (Recommendatory), The Decarbonized Hot-rolled Round Coiled Bar (GB/T701-1997). The Construction Industry Standard, The Design Regulution of Common Concrete Mix Proportion (JGJ55-2000). The Construction Industry Standard, The Technical Specification of Concrete Structures with Cold-rolled Ribbed Steel Burs (JGJ95-2003).
The Regional Standard of Hebei Province, The Technical Specification for the Applicution of Modified Gypsum Ileat-insulating Mortar [DB 13/T(J) 25-20001. The mandatory standards indicate that any technique (or product) should not fall below the requirements; the recommendatory standards indicate that other standards are allowed to be followed, but the recommendatory standards will become the mandatory standards once they are adopted by mandatory standards; the technical requirements regulated in regional standards or enterprise standards should be above national standards. It is an important economic and technological policy for China to adopt international standards and advanced foreign standards which will promote technological progress, improve product quality, expand foreign trade and enhance China’s standardization level. International standards can be broadly classified into the following categories: 1) The “ISO’ international standards adopted in the whole world.
2) The standards of the worldwide influential communities and companies, such as the ASTM (named American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards. They refer to the standards of industrialized countries, such as the DIN Standards of Germany, the BS Standards of the United Kingdom and the JIS Standards of Japan.5 Characters, Purposes, Tasks and Learning Methods of Building Materials Curriculum Building materials curriculum is the technical foundation course for the civil engineering specialty in higher vocational colleges. The purpose of this curriculum is to learn the knowledge about building materials related to the architectural design, the structural design, and construction projects, correctly 6 Building materials in civil engineering recognize and reasonably choose the proper building materials, and master the information concerning the inspection, transportation and storage of the products in order to lay a foundation for the future work. The course mission is to enable students to obtain the basic knowledge and the necessary theories related to the characteristics and application of building materials and access to the essential training skills relevant to the materials experiments.
Building materials course is very practical and applicable. Of the learning methods, the first one is to focus on the major content, that is, the construction function and reasonable application of the materials. The other contents are all concerned with this focus. It is incorrect to change the construction function into an invariable concept.
The more important thing is to know the inherent factors and their mutual relationships. For the various materials of the same category, not only should their similarities be learned but also their respective characteristics. For example, the six common kinds of cement have many similarities and many specialties. They are used in the according conditions just based on their own features.
Experimental course is the important part of the teaching. Its task is to verify the basic theories, learn the experimental methods, and foster a scientific research capacity and the strict scientific attitude. In the experiments, it is necessary to be careful and serious, even the simple ones.