Clara Gonçalves · Fernanda Margarido Editors Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering Science, Processing, and Design Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering ThiS is a FM Blank Page M. Clara Gonçalves • Fernanda Margarido Editors Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering Science, Processing, and Design Editors M. Clara Gonçalves Fernanda Margarido Chemical Engineering Dept. Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Instituto Superior Técnico, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Portugal Based on translation from the Portuguese language editions: Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais de Construção editado por M. Clara Gonçalves e Fernanda Margarido Copyright@ IST Press, 2012, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal All Rights Reserved Some of the figures present in the book were taken from websites, without being possible the identification of the respective copyright legal owners. The legal owners of the copyright of those figures must contact ISTPress (publishing house). The translation from Portuguese to English was supported by the Program ‘Alberto Lacerda 2013’ j Luso-American Foundation.
ISBN 978-3-319-08235-6 ISBN 978-3-319-08236-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08236-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955473 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.com) Preface The current economic panorama has been particularly adverse for the architecture and civil engineering sectors. We firmly believe that the innovation and develop- ment of new materials with enhanced and/or innovative properties will bring about the opportunity of restoring these sectors.
However, the remarkable multiplicity and diversity of materials currently avail- able in civil engineering put designers, architects, and civil engineers in a problem of growing complexity—the selection of materials. The selection of materials in civil engineering can be based, naturally, on features such as suitability, cost, life cycle, and the materials recyclability. Never- theless, the future of civil engineering lies in the higher value-added materials. Hence, the selection of materials for a certain project is an iterative task, where the optimization of solutions can only be obtained through the dialogue between the project’s specialists, architectures, and civil and materials engineers.
Naturally, for such discussion to be possible, it is imperative that all the actors dominate the same technical language and share a set of scientific knowledge, which will allow for communication and optimized solutions. The present work is intended to contribute to that platform of specialists that is committed to the civil engineer/architecture project. We intend to offer its readers information regarding the main groups of materials used in civil construction, highlighting the nomenclature, properties, fabrication processes, selection criteria, products/applications, life cycle and recyclability, and even normalization. This book is the result of extensive work in a broad spectrum of subjects and competences in the areas of materials and civil engineering, as well as architecture.
In its foundation there is a multidisciplinary team of several specialists of distinct Portuguese institutions, such as LNEC, CTCV, ISEL, LNEG, and IST. Despite the scientific edition of the work, it certainly reflects some level of heterogeneity in the approach chosen by each author. Chapters 1–5 include the structural and more traditional materials in civil engineering—hydraulic binders, bituminous materials, concrete, plastering, and renders; Chaps. 6–9 comprise structural materials and/or finishing materials like steel, ceramic, glass, ornamental stones, polymers, and polymer matrix composites; Chaps.
12 and 13 depict the natural materials such as wood and cork; in Chap. 14 we introduce nanomaterials; Chaps. 15 explain the corrosion phenomena and its control; Chap. 16 introduces structural adhesives, while the main properties and the v vi Preface uses of paints and organic coatings are presented in Chap.
Chapter 18 presents the life cycle of the different products, as well as the integrated waste management of; and Chap. 19 concludes the book with the regulation and certification of construction products. To the authors, we publicly express our sincere thanks for their contribution, without which this book would not be possible. Thanks to the first publisher, “ISTPress” the IST academic publisher, since day one.
Very special thanks to Springer, for its recognition and commitment on the publication of the book. Clara Gonçalves Fernanda Margarido Glossary A Abrasion resistance (Plaster; render) Wear resistance of the surface of a hard- ened mortar by mechanical action Abrasive (Ornamental stone) Generic designation of hard and wear-resistant substances used to wear and polish Acid rock (Ornamental stone) Igneous rock with more than 66 wt% silica Addition (Plaster; render; concrete) Finely divided inorganic material, which can be added to the matrix (mortar, concrete, and others) with the purpose to obtain or improve specific properties Additive (Polymeric matrix composites; organic coatings; structural adhesives; polymer) Substance added in small quantities to a formulation (adhesive, polymer resin, paints, varnishes, etc.) with the purpose of improving or modifying the processability (plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers, release agents, etc.), the external appearance (colors, pigments, etc.), the performance (antioxidants, protection to ultraviolet radiation, the antistatic flame retardants, foams, etc.), or the recycling processes (stabilizers, additives repairers, etc.) Adherence (Plaster; render) Maximum breaking force per unit area of a mortar applied on a support, which can be determined by applying a tensile force or shearing Adherence (Organic coatings) Property of a film used to evaluate the set of binding forces that develop between that film and the substrate where it is applied Adhesion (Organic coatings) Property of a film, resulting from the binding forces developed between the film and the substrate on which it is applied Adhesion (Structural adhesives) Phenomenon by which two surfaces are held together by chemical, physical, or physicochemical forces resulting from the presence of an adhesive [NP 3672:1990] Adhesive (Structural adhesives) Product able to maintain in a state of adhesion of two surfaces of one or more identical or different materials [NP 3672:1990] vii viii Glossary Adhesive failure (Plaster; render) Rupture that occurs at the interface between the mortar and the support, or generally at the interface between the adhesive and either glued surfaces Adhesiveness (Structural adhesives) Capacity of a material to produce adhesion Adhesives (Structural adhesives; polymer) Formulations usually involving polymer, used to bind two or more surfaces together, providing a certain strength to this union. Divided into adhesives of thermal, contact, and structural applica- tion. Nonmetallic substance capable of joining materials by surface bonding (adhesion), and the bond possessing adequate internal strength (cohesion) [EN923:2005 + A1:2008] Admixture (Render; plaster; concrete; polymer) Denomination given to additions used in small amounts (<4 wt%; <5 % per cement weight in concrete) to improve specific properties of the final product (see additives) Agglomerate (Cork) Material obtained by agglomeration of granules (expanded or not expanded) or possibly regranulates Aggregate (Concrete and binders; Bituminous materials) Natural, artificial, reclaimed, or recycled granular mineral materials used in construction Air-entraining agent (Plasters; Stucco) Admixture that allows the incorporation of a controlled amount of air bubbles distributed uniformly throughout the mortar, which remain after hardening Alkyd resin (Polymer) Alkyd resins (“al” as alcohol and “id” as acid) are made from esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohols; polymeri- zation by radical attack to double links produces a coating (see resin) Alternating copolymer (Polymer) Copolymer wherein the constituent monomers are alternately distributed in the chain (see copolymer) Anion (Corrosion) Negatively charged ion (e., Cl or OH) Annual ring (or Annual growth ring) (Wood) Cross section of a tree growth layer, or part thereof, corresponding to the wood produced in a year Anode (Corrosion) Electrode where an oxidation reaction occurs.
This reaction may involve molecules or anions from the environment or the atoms of a metal (giving rise to positive ions or insoluble compounds) Anodic current (Corrosion) Current caused by the occurrence of oxidation reaction Anodic inhibitor (Corrosion) Inhibitor that interferes with the anodic reaction. Normally, these are anions that migrate to anode surfaces, forming protective film layers Anodic protection (Corrosion) Protection against corrosion is obtained by increasing the electrode potential so as to achieve the material’s passivation. It is only feasible if the material shows a passivation domain at the working pH Anodizing (Corrosion) Corrosion protection method used in several metals in which the oxidation of the metal is promoted in order to obtain a thick layer of protective oxide Glossary ix Antireflective glass (Glass) Glass with a surface coating that allows to minimize the light reflection component and maximize the transmitted component, so that transparency and visibility in transmission are optimized (class of coated glasses) Arcade (Ornamental stone) Series of contiguous arches; dome Atmospheric corrosion (Corrosion) Corrosion by exposure to the atmosphere, usually to outdoors (see corrosion) B Bands (Ornamental stone) Strips or risers for coping Banister (Ornamental stone) Small column usually used in support railings and window sills Bark (Wood) Generic term for all exterior tissues that involve the xylem Basalt (Ornamental stone) Extrusive igneous rock of volcanic origin and usually very hard, whose color ranges from dark gray to black Basic rock (Ornamental stone) Igneous rock containing silica between 45 and 52 wt% Belly or womb (Cork) Suberous inside part of the cork tissue corresponding to the last annual growth that reproduces all the irregularities of the surface of the inner bark. It is located inside relatively to the tree Beveled (Ornamental stone) Wedge-shaped edge of a slab, tile, or plaque obtained by a beveling operation Bimetallic corrosion (Corrosion) See galvanic corrosion Binder (Structural adhesives) Component of an adhesive that is primarily responsible for the adhesion [NP 3672:1990] Binder (Hydraulic binders) Substances that harden independently and that bind other solid materials together conferring cohesion and resistance to the whole system Binders (Polymer matrix composites) Materials (usually resinous) that help the fibers remain agglomerated, providing them with protection to degradation due to environmental agents and also promoting the adhesion between the fibers and the matrix Biochemical rock (Ornamental stone) Sedimentary rock formed by sedimenta- tion of organic deposits Biological corrosion (Corrosion) Deterioration of a metal by corrosion processes which result, directly or indirectly, from the activity of living organisms.