SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLAND VIETNAM - THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE MUTUAL EFFECTS OF SHADOW ECONOMY AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES by Nguyen Hoang Phu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics Ho Chi Minh city, January 2018 VIETNAM - THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS THE MUTUAL EFFECTS OF SHADOW ECONOMY AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES by Nguyen Hoang Phu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics Academic Supervisor: Dr. Pham Thi Thu Tra Ho Chi Minh city, January 2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that my dissertation entitled “THE MUTUAL EFFECTS OF SHADOW ECONOMY AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES” is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text.
I also confirm that: This thesis was done wholly while in candidature for a research degree at VNP; Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at VNP or any other institution, this has been clearly stated; Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work, and I have acknowledged all main sources of help. Date: January 02, 2018 Signature. Full name: Nguyen Hoang Phu ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis cannot complete without the support of my supervisor, Dr.
Pham Thi Thu Tra, who has spent the value time, efforts, and energy to guide me on the thesis during the time of completing the thesis. Her dedication made me motivated when I have a chance to discuss with her, her expertise is what makes me impressive when I ask her questions about my thesis’s topic, and she also kept me in the “can – do” attitude when I faced any difficulties in doing thesis. All of these leave me with the most unforgettable memory and experience. My purpose of this acknowledgement is to express my gratitude to my supervisor.
Without her supports, I may not have a chance to pursue my dream. I would like to send my special thanks to Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr. Pham Khanh Nam, Dr.
Truong Dang Thuy for their valuable command, guidance and support during the program. Without your support and encouragement, I may not complete the thesis as expected. Additionally, my thanks are given to all of the lectures who have been my knowledge guiders and the staff who have been my service supporters throughout the master program at University of Economics and Erasmus University Rotterdam. Without their help, never can I have an opportunity to proceed and complete my master thesis.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Mr. Nguyen Cong Thanh, Truong Thi Thu May and my family who have always been a pillar for me to rely on during the hardships of attempting to achieve the master thesis. It is their unspoken sacrifice and untiring work that bring me more spare time to be able to reach the final destination of my progress. ABSTRACT This study focuses on examining the mutual relationship between financial development and shadow economy by applying the theoretical and empirical framework.
Our research contributed to the way of calculating the size of shadow economy applied the currency demand approach with updated data from 1997 to 2015 for 8 ASIAN countries. In particular, to have a robust result, we used 4 estimation methods including POLS, FEM, REM and SGMM to calculate the value of the size of shadow economy of each country. Then, we took each received results to examine the mutual effect with the financial development using P – VAR approach. We found that when the positive shock caused by the financial sector affects the shadow economy, the shadow economy will immediately respond negatively to the shock.
On the other hand, when a positive shock caused by credit for private sector will lead to the positive responses of the shadow economy. Interestingly, in this case, the response tends to last longer with the estimated results from static model of shadow economy in comparison with dynamic model of shadow economy. Keywords: Shadow economy, financial development JEL classifications: G32, H26 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction. Scope of the study.
Structure of the thesis. 15 Chapter 2: Literature review. Review of theory. The theory of shadow economy.
The review on financial development theories. Review of empirical studies on the relationship between financial development theory and shadow economy theory. 31 Chapter 3: Research methodology. Variables and sampling.
40 Chapter 4: Research results. Overview of the research topic. Regression results and discussions. Limits of the study.
65 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for the whole dataset. 44 Table 2: Matrix of correlation coefficients. 44 Table 3: Estimated results of currency demand model. 46 Table 4: Optimal model selection tests.
47 Table 5: Estimated value of Shadow economy over GDP. 48 Table 6: The results of Unit Root Test. 49 LIST OF CHARTS Figure 1: Conceptual framework of shadow economy and financial development. 31 Figure 2: The technical structure to deal with data.
34 Figure 3: The analyzed results of impulse response function when the size of shadow economic creates a shock with the estimated value of shadow economy from the static models (POLS, FEM, REM). 51 Figure 4: The analyzed results of impulse response function when the size of shadow economic creates a shock with the estimated value of shadow economy from the dynamic models (SGMM). 52 Figure 5: The analyzed results of impulse response function when the financial development creates a shock with the estimated value of shadow economy from the static models (PLOS, FEM, REM). 53 Figure 6: The analyzed results of impulse response function when the financial development creates a shock with the estimated value of shadow economy from the dynamic models (SGMM)).
54 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Shadow economy estimation using POLS. 65 Appendix 2: Shadow economy estimation using FEM. 65 Appendix 3: Shadow economy estimation using SGMM. 66 Appendix 4: Shadow economy estimation using REM.
67 Appendix 5: Hausman Test. 67 Appendix 6: Breusch & Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects. 68 Appendix 7: Stationary test for shadow size estimated by POLS. 68 Appendix 8: Stationary test for first difference of shadow size estimated by POLS.
69 Appendix 9: Stationary test for shadow size estimated by FEM. 69 Appendix 10: Stationary test for first difference of shadow size estimated by FEM. 70 Appendix 11: Stationary test for shadow size estimated by REM. 71 Appendix 12: Stationary test for first difference of shadow size estimated by REM.
71 Appendix 13: Stationary test for shadow size estimated by SGMM. 72 Appendix 14: Stationary test for first difference of shadow size estimated by SGMM. 72 Appendix 15: Stationary test for financial development measured by Credit for private sectors. 73 Appendix 16: Stationary test for first difference of financial development measured by Credit for private sectors.
73 Appendix 17: Stationary test for financial development measured by Credit from financial sectors. 74 Appendix 18: Stationary test for first difference of financial development measured by Credit from financial sectors. 74 Appendix 19: Stationary test for money supply ratio. 75 Appendix 20: Stationary test for first difference of money supply ratio.
75 Appendix 21: Stationary test for natural logarithm of GDP per capita. 76 Appendix 22: Stationary test for first difference of natural logarithm of GDP per capita. 76 ABBREVIATIONS POLS: Pooled Ordinary Least Squared FEM: Fixed Effects Model REM: Random Effects Model Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Problem statements According to World Economic Forum (2017), the shadow economy in some nations are bigger than the official one.
For instance, the shadow economy of Greece is about one – fifth of its total GDP and right after is Italy (based on research by Germany’s Institute for Applied Economic Research (IAW) at the University of Tübingen). Therefore, the activities related to shadow economy may exist around the world. Many governments have tried to control shadow economy by applying punishment, prosecution and even education. It is important for governor of a nation to know about shadow economy’s activities and then they could make the economy more efficient in terms of allocating resources.
However, getting precise information about shadow economy’s activities is hard, even with goods and labor working in the economy because people tend to hide their activities’ in the market. Therefore, doing the research in this area requires passion of the scientists and willing to explore “the unknown”. This is the first motivation of author to research about this area. Additionally, shadow economy is one of the main reasons that make the government revenue for public goods reduce.
Indeed, there are 75% of productions in developing countries taken place underground while it is about 10% in developed countries (Enste & Schneider, 2000). Entering the shadow economy, it means that the businesses and institutions can be out of the control of the government and it called “fly under the radar” by Enste and Schneider (2000). Thus, the shadow economy will undermine the ability of the government in building up the foundations as well as the capacity of governments to collect the taxes (government’s income) for public goods and other trading promotion programs (Enste & Schneider, 2000; Gërxhani, 2004). As a result, the study about the shadow economy will touch many other areas and it will lead to a broad research (Enste & Schneider, 2000; Gërxhani, 2004; Johnson, Kaufmann, & Shleifer, 1997; Schneider, 2005, 2011; Tanzi, 1982).
An intensive comprehension of the determinants of “secret action” will help law - makers and governors in creating powerful strategies which can fight back the uncontrollable exercises and encourage economic growth. Thus, this is the second motivation for the author to study about this area. To dig deeper in the field of this research, Enste and Schneider (2000); Gërxhani (2004); Schneider (2005) stated that many other conducted studies found out that the difficulties in accessing the credits, loans and the opportunity costs of these procedures are the main determinants of shadow economy (Enste & Schneider, 2000; Gërxhani, 2004; Schneider, 2005). Indeed, a country with strict assessments to have a loan or there are many barriers to open a new 11 business will form a kind of foundations which is the origin of the initial shadow development (Dreher, Kotsogiannis, & McCorriston, 2007; Friedman, Johnson, Kaufmann, & Zoido-Lobaton, 2000; Johnson et al., 1997; Teobaldelli, 2011; Torgler & Schneider, 2009).
These organizations (like commercial banks, financial institutions, insurance company, etc.) who will provide the securities which can help the businesses to access the credit but they usually require the collateral contract and in the case that a start – up business does not have assets, they have to deal with the lack of credits and capital to operate their business in the early stage. As a result, they will seek a new way to access the credit with lowest opportunity costs and it is the time for the development of shadow economy. Furthermore, in the study of Vũ Việt Quảng and Lê Thị Phương Vy (2016), they also showed that the ability of accessing to credit will contribute to the success of a business and therefore this ability may affect the choice of a business to operate in the official economy or shadow economy.