JUSTUS-LIEBIG UNIVERSITÄT GIESSEN Fachbereich 09: Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Access to Credit and Household Income in the Northern Mountains of Vietnam Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr.) Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Institut für Betriebslehre der Agrar - und Ernährungswirtschaft Professur für Projekt – und Regionalplanung Eingereicht von: Do Xuan Luan (MSc. Siegfried Bauer Zweitgutachter: Prof. Rainer Kühl Giessen – November, 2015 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn PREFACE This volume provides a comprehensive analysis on the issues of rural credit conducted in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam. The study has been carried out within the ―Agricultural Economics and Related Sciences‖ program at the University of Giessen, Germany.
A crucial advantage of this study is that it combined various econometrics tools using data collected from the national household surveys to examine the extent to which credit serves the poor, with regard to access constraints and income impacts. The empirical findings reveal that the poor, especially the poorest households are still underserved by overall rural credit. The Agribank credit tends to provide to wealthier households and informal credit serves households that are closer to and above the relative poverty line. Subsidized credit successfully targeted the poor, implying that governmental subsidies are necessary to reach the poor.
Credit accessibility analysis has highlighted the importance of social capital and agricultural extension services in determining credit accessibility by rural households. Whereas a significant increase in household income can be achieved through accessing commercial and informal loans, there is no significant increase in all income components for associated recipients of subsidized credit. Based on the findings of the study, a set of policy implications aimed at improving poverty targeting and credit access can increase the impact of credit on reducing poverty in a sustainable manner. For the editors: Siegfried Bauer, University of Giessen, Germany ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my first supervisor Prof.
Siegfried Bauer for his continuous guidance, moral support and encouragement throughout this process. I am also thankful to my second supervisor Prof. Rainer Kühl for his constructive suggestions. Guidance and understanding from both supervisors proved crucial to the successful completion of this work.
My thanks also go to the members of the examination committee, Prof. Ingrid-Ute Leonhäuser, Prof. Joachim Aurbacher and Prof. The administrative support and cooperation of Mrs.
Evelina and Dr. Tarig is also worth mentioning. I would also like to express my appreciation to Heinz Lakos for his technical support, to Mr. Danner McCulloh for his English correction of the text, to Mr.Max and Dr.
Aaron for their correction of the German summary. I also acknowledge the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training for the doctoral scholarship. My sincere thanks go to the faculty of economics and rural development at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. I would like to thank the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) of Vietnam for providing the data and Dr.
Kieu Thi Thu Huong for supporting me in my application for the doctoral program. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Nguyen Thanh Vu and international colleagues for their support. The inspiration and support of my father Do Xuan Luong, mother Vu Thi Sau, my brothers and sisters were my main source of strength.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to them. My deepest thanks go to my son Do Anh Duc, my daughter Do Khanh Linh and my wife Duong Thi Thu Hang for their inspiration, support and sacrifice. Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn TABLE OF CONTENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS. i LIST OF TABLES.
viii LIST OF FIGURES. x LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .1 Background of the study.2 Statement of the problem .4 Hypotheses of the study .5 Scope and limitations of the study .6 Contribution of the study.7 Structure of the study. AN OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY, POVERTY AND RURAL CREDIT SYSTEM IN VIETNAM .1 Key development indicators .2 GDP, credit and inflation in Vietnam .3 Economy‘s structure share in Vietnam .3 Agriculture and Poverty .3 Fragmentation of agricultural land .4 Poverty in Vietnam .5 Agricultural insurance in Vietnam .4 Rural credit in Vietnam .1 Brief history of rural credit policy in Vietnam .1 Credit cooperatives before 1986. 14 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.2 Replacement of the mono-tier banking system after 1986 .3 The separation between preferential and commercial lending .4 Incorporation of microfinance institutions in the financial system 17 2.5 Priorities for lending agricultural and rural sector .2 Rural credit demand .3 Supply side of rural credit in Vietnam .1 Formal, semiformal and informal credit .2 Market share and financial sustainability .5 Summary of the chapter.
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY .1 Concept of credit and general issues .1 The credit concept .2 Types of credit .3 The triangle of credit .4 Challenges for the provision of credit to rural households .1 Principle of marginal return to capital .3 Characteristics of farming activities .4 Principal – agent problem in rural credit market .5 Transaction cost and borrowers‘ risk management .2 Poverty outreach of credit .1 Depth of outreach concept and measurement .2 Empirical evidence on poverty outreach of credit .1 The extent to which credit serves the poor .2 Reasons explaining the credit exclusion of the poor .3 Access to credit .1 Concepts and approaches of analyzing credit accessibility. 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii 3.2 Empirical determinants of credit access at household level .1 Role of credit repayment .2 Measurement for repayment performance .5 Welfare impact of credit .1 How credit affect households .2 A foundation for impact estimation .3 Empirical evidence on impact of credit .1 Significantly positive impact of credit .2 Limited impact of credit and reasons .3 Mixed impacts of credit under certain conditions .6 International experiences in rural credit development .6 Lessons to be learnt. RESEARCH AREA AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLED HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS .1 Overview of the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam .1 Overall socio-economic conditions .2 Overview of the selected communes .3 Composition of selected households by sources of loans .1 Loan amount, duration and interest rate. 69 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3 Mode of repayment .4 Credit use purposes .4 Demographic characteristics of selected households.5 Main agricultural activities .3 Land size and land use certificate.6 Access to extension services .1 Receives of extension services categorized by sources of loans.2 Feedback of household to extension services .3 Extension and credit access .4 Extension and household income .5 Extension and other household endowments .7 Shocks and economic losses .1 Type of shocks and distribution of shock affected households by loan sources and provinces .2 Economic losses due to shocks .3 Household endowments categorized by shock affected .2 Differences in selected variables between shock-affected and shock non- affected households .4 Household responses to shocks .1 Savings and credit access .2 Motives for savings .3 Savings and household endowments .1 Savings and income .2 Savings and other household endowments based on loan sources .9 Ethnicity and credit access .1 Credit recipients categorized by ethnicity group.2 Ethnicity and credit volumes.
102 TABLE OF CONTENTS v 4.3 Ethnicity and household endowments .10 Summary of the chapter. POVERTY OUTREACH OF RURAL CREDIT .2 The methodology for evaluating poverty outreach .1 Principal Component Analysis: main ideas .2 Selection of variables for Principal Component Analysis .1 Point-Biserial Correlation .2 A description of selected variables .3 Empirical results and discussion .1 Results of Principal Component Analysis .2 Poverty outreach of rural credit .1 Depth of outreach based on relative poverty .2 The association between poverty scores and loan amount .3 Depth of outreach based on categories of credit exclusion .3 Summary of the chapter. DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY BY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS .1 Choice of explanatory variables .2 Bayesian Model Average applied to the Heckman Selection Model126 6.1 Credit access model .2 Credit Amount Model .3 Results and discussions .1 Endowment difference between household groups .2 Result of Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). 134 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.3 Determinants of credit access .1 Determinants of accessing overall credit .2 Determinants of accessing subsidized credit .3 Determinants of accessing Agribank credit .4 Determinants of accessing informal credit .4 Summary of the chapter.
INCOME IMPACT OF CREDIT ON RECIPIENTS .2 Impact Estimation by Using Propensity Score Matching .1 Reasons for choosing Propensity Score Matching .2 Main ideas of Propensity Score Matching .3 Assumptions of Propensity Score Matching .4 Choice of matching algorithm .1 Nearest neighbor matching and radius matching .5 Assessment of the matching quality .6 Bootstrapping with Propensity Score Matching.1 Income Impact of Credit without Using Matching Techniques .2 Income Impact of Credit by Using Matching Techniques .1 Income impact of overall rural credit.2 Income impact of subsidized credit .3 Income impact of commercial credit by the Agribank (VBARD) 166 7.4 Income impact of informal credit .5 Income impact per VND million of credit .4 Summary of the chapter. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY: RATIONALE, MAIN FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONs AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .2 Rationale of the study. 173 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii 8.2 Poverty outreach of credit .3 Determinants of credit access .4 Income impact of credit .1 The extent to which credit reaches the poor .2 Factors influencing credit access .3 Income impact of rural credit .1 Improve the extent to which credit reaches the poor .2 Credit schemes should be adaptable to the farming seasonality and the cash flow of households .3 Development of risk copping measures for the poor.4 Encouraging the provision of commercial loans .5 Informal credit still retain as a necessity for the poor .6 Facilitating access to extension services .7 Mobilization of rural savings as the important source of credit .7 Limitations and suggestions for further studies. 200 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.vn viii LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Development indicators of Vietnam .2: Production of main agricultural commodities.3: Rural labors in Vietnam 2001-2011 .4: Poverty headcount and composition by regions and sector in 2010 (Based on General Statistics Office- World Bank poverty line) .5: Percentage of crops and livestock covered by agricultural insurance .6: Financial sustainability of credit institutions as of June 30th 2009 .1: Socio-economic indicators of the Northern Mountainous Region (NRM) in relation to other regions and the whole country .2: Commune characteristics in selected provinces (% of communes) .3: Loan characteristics by lenders .4: Share of loans with collateral (% of borrowed households) .5: Modes of repayment by sources of loans (% of accessed households) 70 Table 4.6: Credit use purposes by sources of loans (% of households) .7: Demographic characteristics of households categorized by credit sources .8: Crop production per household by provinces (kg) .9: Average number of livestock reared per household .10: Average number of plots per household and land size per plot .11: Share of land plots with red book (%) .12: Feedback of receivers to extension services (% of households with access to agricultural extension).13: Feedback of households to formal extension categorized by provinces .14: Income of household groups categorized by extension access and loan sources (VND 1000 per household) .15: Description of selected household endowments .16: Differences in household‘s endowments based on credit sources and extension access.17: Share of shock affected households (% of households) .18: Mean and standard deviation of shock losses by credit access and provinces.19: Total income of household groups categorized by shock-affected and loan sources (VND 1000 per household) .20: Test for the difference in means of endowments between household groups .21: Household responses to shocks by sources of loans (% of affected households).
93 LIST OF TABLES ix Table 4.22: Household responses to shocks of households categorized by provinces (% of affected households) .23: Credit amount of households categorized by savings status (VND 1000 per household) .