UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND REAL GDP IN ASEAN By DUONG THIEN CHI MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Ho Chi Minh City, December 2015 i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIET NAM NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND REAL GDP IN ASEAN By DUONG THIEN CHI Supervisor Dr. NGUYEN NGOC THUY Ho Chi Minh City, December 2015 ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to say gratefully thank to my supervisor Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Thuy. I cannot finish my thesis if do not get the support and the advice from teacher.
Besides that, I want to say thank to Dr. Vo Hong Duc who give me many useful and importance advice that help me very much through the time that I do the thesis. And I want to thank professors and the teacher staff of Viet Nam – Netherlands Program that gave many supports to me when I get difficult not only when I do the thesis but also in studying progress. Last, I want to thank my friends and my family always besides me.
iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ARDL: Autoregressive distributed lag ADF: Augmented Dickey-Fuller LLC: Levin at al. FMOLS: Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square WB: World Bank VAR: Vector Autoregression VECM : Vector Error Correction Model iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the relationship between real GDP and energy consumption in ASEAN. The paper use the panel data collected from WorldBank from 1974 to 2014. The panel unit root tests, panel cointegration test and VECM Granger Causality test will be applied in this paper.
The result showed that there is a long-run causality from real real GDP to energy consumption and short-run unidirection causality from real GDP to energy consumption. Besides that, there is positive effect of energy consumption, import, capital, human capital and negative effect of CO2 emission and export on real GDP in ASEAN. Key word: economic growth, energy consumption, VECM, FMOLS. v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction.
Main research question .3 Scope of study .4 The structure of study. 3 Chapter 2: Literature Reviews .2 Review of empirical studies .1 Energy, economic growth and real GDP .2 The papers that appied different methodologies .3 The papers that was added more variables. 9 Chapter 3: Data and Methodology.14 Table 2 : Descriptive statistics on data .Panel unit root test:. Panel cointegration tests.
Granger Causality test .4 Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) .24 Chapter 4 : Overview of Energy Consumption.25 and real GDP in Asean .25 vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Country in aggregate .35 Chapter 5:Empirical Results. Panel Unit Root test. Panel cointegration test.
Granger causality test. Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS): .42 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Policy Implications .3 Limitations of the study .52 Appendices 1 : Unit root test for Capital variable at level .52 Appendices 2 : Unit root test for Capital variable at first different .53 Appendices 3 : Unit root test for Capital variable at level .54 Appendices 4: Unit root test for CO2 variable at level.55 Appendices 5: Unit root test for CO2 variable at first different .56 Appendices 6: Unit root test for Energy variable at level .57 Appendices 7: Unit root test for Export variable at level .58 Appendices 8: Unit root test for Export variable at first different .59 Appendices 9: Unit root test for real GDP variable at first level .60 Appendices 10: Unit root test for Export variable at level .61 Appendices 11: Unit root test for Human_capital variable at level.62 vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendices 12: Unit root test for Human_capital variable at first different .63 Appendices 13: Unit root test for Import variable at level .64 Appendices 14: Unit root test for Import variable at first different .65 Appendices 15: Panel Cointegration test .66 Appendices 16: Chosen lag order.67 Appendices 17: Vector Error Correction Model (Dependent variable : real GDP) .68 Appendices 18: Granger Causality Test for long-run .69 Appendices 19: Granger Causality Test for short-run .70 Appendices 20: Vector Error Correction Model (Dependent variable : Energy) .71 Appendices 21: Granger Causality Test for long-run .72 Appendices 22: Granger Causality Test for short-run .73 Appendices 23: Panel fully modified least squares .74 Appendices 24: Sumary of literature review .74 Time-series techniques, Hsiao version of the Granger-causality method .84 viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLE Table 1 : Data definition. 15 Table 2 : Description data. 17 Table 3: Description Energy Consumtion in Asean from 1974 to 2014 (kg of oil equivalent).
35 Table 4 : Description Gross Domestic Product in Asean from 1974 to 2014 (billion USD). 36 Table 5: Result of panel LLC (2002) unit root test. 38 Table 6: Panel Pedroni (1999) cointegration test. 39 Table 7: Result of Granger causality test with VECM.
39 Table 8: Result of Fully modified ordinary least square. 41 ix TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1 : Analytical framework of real GDP and Deternimant Factor. 13 Figure 1: The Gross Domestic Product in Brunei from 1974 to 2014. 25 Figure 2: The Energy Consumption in Brunei from 1974 to 2014.
25 Figure 3: The Gross Domestic Product in Cambodia from 1974 to 2014. 26 Figure 4: The Energy Consumption in Cambodia from 1974 to 2014. 26 Figure 5: The Gross Domestic Product in Indonesia from 1974 to 2014. 27 Figure 6: The Energy Consumption in Indonesia from 1974 to 2014.
27 Figure 7: The Gross Domestic Product in Lao PDR from 1974 to 2014. 28 Figure 8: The Gross Domestic Product in Malaysia from 1974 to 2014. 28 Figure 9: The Energy Consumption in Malaysia from 1974 to 2014. 29 Figure 10: The Gross Domestic Product in Myanmar from 1974 to 2014.
29 Figure 11: The Energy Consumption in Myanmar from 1974 to 2014. 30 Figure 12: The Gross Domestic Product in Phillipines from 1974 to 2014. 30 Figure 13: The Energy Consumption in Phillipines from 1974 to 2014. 31 Figure 14: The Gross Domestic Product in Singapore from 1974 to 2014.
31 Figure 15: The Energy Consumption in Singapore from 1974 to 2014. 32 Figure 16: The Gross Domestic Product in ThaiLand from 1974 to 2014. 32 Figure 17: The Energy Consumption in ThaiLand from 1974 to 2014. 33 Figure 18 : The Gross Domestic Product in Viet Nam from 1974 to 2014.
33 Figure 19 : The Energy Consumption in Viet Nam from 1974 to 2014. 34 x TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Problem statements Energy plays an importance role not only in the human life but also in the production activity. As we know that, the human has used energy more and more recent years, the demand of energy increased day by day that lead to appear many conflicts about the proprietary right of energy such as the oil on the ocean. That may be the consequence of the development of the economic on over the world and human recognized that energy is a essential element not only for the economy but also in the human life.So that, finding the relationship between the energy consumption and economic growth is necessary research and many economists together investigate this relationship.
There are many researches about the key element effecting on the economic growth from the past until now. Energy was cogitated as a new factor and a limiting factor of economic growth (Stern, 1993; and Cleveland et al., 2000) but in the other researches it was not. Some past researches said that economic growth is not much dependent on energy (Solow, 1974; Cheng, 1995) and it has not a significant effect on economic growth because of energy cost be negligible (Belloumi, 2009).According Stern (2011); Pirlogea and Cicea (2012), Traditional economic growth models is not included energy. In the research of Solow in 1974 and other neoclassical economists, they assumed that there is completely substitutable relationship between energy and capital.
Besides that, there are many researches that have shown the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth depending on country or depend on times (Akarca and Long, 1979; 1980; Glasure and Lee, 1998; Masih and Masih, 1996; 1997; 1998). In many studies and research above that show different conclusions, according Hong To, Wijeweera and B.Charles (2013), the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in existing literature has two limitations: a lack of a mixture energy- based and mainstream model as a consequence of various theoretically-based approach on economic growth; and the possibility of omitted variable biases. 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com There are many papers that researched about the relationship between energy consumption and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the developed countries and found that there is exist unidirection or bidirection relationship between the two elements. In the term of developing countries, there are also some papers that found out the exist of this relationship and some others found that there is no relationship between them.
In Asean, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of ten developing countries increased from 1974 to 2014. The GDP of some countries had significant increase such as Myanmar, Phillipines, Singapore and Viet Nam with quick increase in the energy consumption. In term of the other countries, although the increase of GDP was not high but the energy consumption still inceased. So that, this study will be examine the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for ten countries in Asean within period from 1974 to 2014.
Research objectives This study aimed to determine the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP in Asean. Finding the factors those influence on real GDP. Main research question Is there the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP in case of countries in Asean? What are factors those influence on real GDP and how ? 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.3 Scope of study The study will be collected data of Asean from Word Bank which has the period from 1974 to 2014 including 10 countries in Asean. The study will examine the the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP in Asean with the explanatory variables such as import, export, CO2 emission, capital, human capital and energy consumption of ten countries in Asean.
The methods will be applied in this study is panel cointegration test, panel unit roots test, Granger causality test with VECM and Fully modified ordinary least square.4 The structure of study This study includes six chapter. Chapter one is the introduction, chapter two is literature review including growth theory and review of empirical studies. Chapter three is data and methodology, in this chapter will be present the data collection and the methodology that applying in this study. Chapter four is over view the real GDP and energy consumption in Asean that includes invidual country and country in aggregate.
The result will be presented in the chapter five and chapter six is the conclusion. 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 2: Literature Reviews 2.1 Growth theory Many papers in the past studied about the growth models, such as Neoclassical growth models, ecological economic models and endogenous growth models. In the study of Solow in 1956, he applied the models that used capital and labor in the model. Two input factors consider as fundamental factors of the production models and he considered that energy just play a correlated little role in the models.