UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHIMINHCITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOES GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN EXPORT? BY TRAN PHAM HOAI TRINH MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, May 2014 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHIMINHCITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOES GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS IMPACT ONEAST ASIAN EXPORT? A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By TRAN PHAM HOAI TRINH Academic Supervisor: Dr. DINH CONG KHAT HO CHI MINH CITY, May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunities to send my special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Trong Hoai who has inspired initiatives and passion of global financial crisis to me to carry out this interesting study; my sincere gratitude to Dr. Dinh Cong Khai for his scientific guidance and invaluable advices, which he has provided throughout the time of preparation and accomplishment of this paper; my thanks to my classmates Anh Thu, Thu Huong, Thuy Thanh and my loved daughters Moon and May who always give me their restless assistance and encouragement when I was in trouble.
ABSTRACT The global financial crisis in 2008 was initially a single crisis in the US subprime market. After very short time, the crisis has quickly escalated and spread its impact to all over the world. As stated by UNDP, very quickly through international trade, the crisis has been transmitted from the West to the East. This paper aims to find out how this financial crisis impacts the trade of East Asian countries.
More particularly, this paper tries to find out how, and to what extent, does the global financial crisis impact exports of East Asia. By studying the impacts of GDP, financial sector quality (measured by domestic credit), import demand on exports and by observing the change of these impacts before and after the global financial crisis, the effect of the global financial crisis on export will be identified. Data of exports, domestic credits and import demands are collected from 2001 to 2010 for 8 countries in East Asia. The data is balanced from country to country, then balanced panel data will be used for model testing.
Moreover, the Hausman test used to test the panel data is significant with fixed effect model. The results finally show that the global financial crisis started in 2008 has not changed impact’s magnitudes of GDP, financial sector quality and imports demand on exports of East Asia during crisis. Key words: global financial crisis, international production fragmentation, triangular trade network, financial integration. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.
11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW & EMPIRICAL STUDIES. ---- -- c+c+x+xeesxes 13 *Impact of economic growth On €XOTES. -- --- + + +31 E3 9E #kEk kg nh ng ve 15 *Impact of financial sector quaÏity On €XDOTES. 5 6 5+ + SE EeE+eEeereteeeeereereeerre 16 *Impact of import demand On €XDOTS .2 EAST ASIAN EFINANCIAL SYSTEM.- ¿5< 21kg re 26 CHAPTER 4: ECONOMETRIC MODEL and ESTIMATION STRATEGY.
32 CHAPTER 5: ECONOMETRIC RESULTS and FINDINGS DISCUSSION .1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC ooo.2 VARIABLES and CORRELATION MATRIX.3 EMPIRICAL RESULTS and FINDINGS DISCUSSION.------5--c<+ 44 CHAPTER 6: POLICY IMPLICATIONS and CONCLUSION -50 6.cccsssssssssssscscsssssssesssesssssssseesessssssssesessesssssessessssssssesssvesssessessssseesesssessesessseese 59 LIST OF TABLE, CHART & FIGURE Type Title Page Chart 1 China Manufactured export structure 25 Chart 2 Manufactured export composition 26 Chart 3 Cross-border loans during Q4 2007 — Q4 2010 42 Chart 4 Regional consumption goods export performance during crisis 47 Figure 1 International production fragmentation —vertical specialization 18 model Figure 2 The conceptual framework 21 Figure 3 Share of East Asian economies in the value of world exports 22 Figure 4 Triangular trade network structure 23 Figure 5 The rest of East Asia export to China (% of total export) 24 Table 1 East Asia regional exports share in total exports 24 Table 2 Share of intermediate goods in total export 25 from the rest of East Asian countries to China Table 3 List of variables and expected sign of effect. 31 Table 4 Growth of total merchandise export (2008Q3-2019Q3: % change) 37 Table 5 East Asian export growth during crisis 38 Table 6 GDP growth 2000-2010 39 Table 7 Growth rate of China’s intermediate goods import from East Asian 40 Vs China’s export to EU & US Table 8 Net foreign assets in domestic banks 41 Table 9 Skewness/Kurtosis test STATA output 43 Table 10 Pairwise test STATA output 43 Table 11 Empirical result 44 Table 12 Variance inflation factor (VIF) 45 Table 13 East Asia regional export composition 46 Table 14 Coefficient comparison 49 Appendix | | Auxiliary regression results 59 Appendix 2 | Hausman test for the sample with China 60 Appendix 3. | Hausman test for the sample without China 61 Appendix 4 | Full regression result for the sample with China 62 Appendix 5 | Full regression result for the sample without China 63 Appendix 6 _| East Asia regional total exports 64 Appendix 7 | East Asia regional intermediate goods exports 66 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The first chapter consists of six parts to introduce the general issues of the study. The first part provides the background of the study.
The second part raises the problem to be addressed. The third part presents the research objectives. The fourth part sets out the research questions to be answered in this study. The fifth part is research methodology and the last part is outline of the study.
Background of the study East Asian countries’ are export-led growth countries. Export so far have been the key engine for growth and received many supports from the government for better performance. During the recent decades, in this region, China has rapidly increased exports of manufactured products to the US, EU and became a major trade partner with the US, EU. The growth of China’s manufacturing export is also supported by the supply of intermediate inputs of other East Asian countries.
In this way, a trade network was formed between US, EU, China and other East Asian countries. This network is called the triangular trade network and soon became a primary growth engine for East Asia (Ando, 2006). It is believed that East Asian countries can maintain regional growth independently based on this network and would not rely heavily on the out-of-region economies’ demand and supply. This belief was built up based on the decoupling thesis” which was raised by many researchers before the US financial crisis.
However, in fact, when the US financial crisis spreads to East Asia, exports of this region in some ways was affected and ‘East Asian countries in this study includes Japan, China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore and Thailand *Decoupling refers te the phenemenen ef a weakening impact ef advanced countries’ demand and supply shock on performance of East Asian economies since it’s increasingly independent from global economy development. So is it true that the US financial crisis impacts exports of East Asian countries and is the decoupling thesis unreal are the questions that I am concerned with. Problem statement East Asia is the region where export-led growth strategy has boosted the economy since 1960s. Exports hold the crucial role and are the key engine for economic development of this region.
Along with its export-based development, according to the decoupling theses, the increasingly intra-regional trade in East Asia has lightened the impacts of external demand and supply shock on growth and made this region become self-contained development. Therefore export downfall in East Asia after 2008 received much attention of researchers in finding how the global financial crisis impacted this region. So far, many researches has focused on the impact of the global financial crisis to international trade through trade finance constraint (Chauffour & Malouche, 2011), contraction of global supply chains (Escaith, 2010), and protectionism. This research is going to find out the key determining factors of East Asian exports performance and identify if the global financial crisis is able to change the impact’s magnitude of these factors on exports of East Asia.
Through these findings we can answer the question of whether the global financial crisis had impacted on exports of East Asian countries. Research objectives “* The overall objective: The overall objective of this research is to understand whether the global financial crisis impacts exports of East Asian countries. “* The specific objective: This research aims to identify impacts on exports of GDP, financial sector quality and import demands. Then, by observing the changes of these effects when the global financial crisis occurs, impact of global financial crisis on East Asian exports will be clarified.
Research questions The research tries to address the following question: i) What are the impacts of GDP, financial sector quality and import demand on East Asian exports? ii) What happened to export performance of East Asian when GDP, financial sector quality and import demand being impacted by the global financial crisis? 1. Research Methodology We are going to use some descriptive statistics to analyze export development of East Asian countries during 2001 and 2010 and identify if the development has been changed when the financial crisis happens in 2008. Moreover, this research is going to build an export model in which exports is the dependent variable, GDP, domestic credit, intra-regional intermediate goods demand, and the world import demand are the independent variables. Data of exports, domestic credits and import demands are collected from 2001 to 2010 for 8 countries in East Asia.
The data source is statistical data of the World Bank and the United Nations conference on trade and development (UNCTAD). To study the dynamics of change, panel data is used by combining time series of cross-section observations. Data is balanced from country to country, then balanced panel data will be used for model testing. Using the dummy variable approach, we are going to test if the structure of this model has been changed during the global financial crisis and then propose some policy implications base on the findings.
Outline of structure: The first chapter introduces the general issues in the study. The literature and some previous related researches are reviewed in the second chapter. After that, 11 the conceptual framework is created. The third chapter focuses on overview of East Asia exports and its financial system.
Chapter Four deals with the research methodology and econometric model. Chapter Five will show the econometric results & findings discussion. The last chapter reveals conclusion and policy implications. It will then go on to references and appendices.
12 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is for the review of relevant theories and previous studies related to determinants of East Asia exports; it selects and analyzes impacts on export of GDP, financial sector quality and import demand. The first part presents the theoretical literature which the study is based on and the previous studies which relate to this research. The second part is the conclusion on the conceptual framework.1Literature review and empirical studies So far, there have been numerous studies on the determinants of East Asian export performance. Redding and Venables (2003) have delivered a research on the determinants of export performance across regions, particularly on South East Asia.
The research studied exports in two decades from 1970 to 1990. They focused on two factors which contributed most to export growth of this region which are external demand (foreign market access) and internal supply capacity determined by a country's characteristics including country size, country endowments, and geography. What they found was that the level of foreign market access could determine the divergent export performance. However, country size, measured by GDP and population, was unrelated to and insignificantly affected export performance.
Geography was found to be positive and statistically significantly affects exports.