VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM-JAPAN UNIVERSITY --------------------------------------- PHAM MINH NGOC USE OF HOST-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDALES 16S rRNA FOR MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER IN HANOI, VIETNAM MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM-JAPAN UNIVERSITY --------------------------------------- PHAM MINH NGOC USE OF HOST-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDALES 16S rRNA FOR MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER IN HANOI, VIETNAM PROGRAM: MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: PILOT SUPERVISORS PROF. HIROYUKI KATAYAMA ASSOC. IKURO KASUGA Hanoi - 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE CONTENT LIST OF TABLES. ii LIST OF FIGURES.
vii CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli). Microbial source tracking method .6 CHAPTER 2: MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY .1 Material and Equipment .16 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.1 Case study in Kanazawa. Case study in Hanoi .53 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 :The primer and probe sequence of host- specific Bacteroidales marker .1: The information of sampling point for Pig-fecal source.2: The information of sampling point for chicken-fecal source .3: The information of sampling point for duck- fecal source .4: The information of water sampling point .5: The Primer and Probe of host-specific Bateroidales markers .1: The information of sampling places in Kahokugata Lake .2: Possitive ratios and mean concentrations of host-specific Bacteroidales markers in water sample.3: Possitive ratios and mean concentrations of animal-specific Bacteroidales markers in fecal-source sample and water sample.47 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Main orders of Bacteroidetes .2: The concept of Microbial Source Tracking.1 :The sampling point at the South of Hanoi .2: The process of culture E.
coli for fecal sample .3: The process of culture E. coli for water sample .4: The steps of diluted standard solution .1: The sampling points at Kahokugata Lake .2: The concentration of E. coli and total coliform of water sample .3: Relation between concentration of pig-specific assay and E. coli bacteria in water sample .4: The concentration of E.
coli and Total coliform of Pig-fecal source .5: The concentration of E. coli and Total coliform of Chicken-fecal source .6: The concentration of E. coli and Total coliform of Duck-fecal source .7: The concentration of E. coli and Total coliform in Day river .8: The Pig-2-Bac marker’s standard curve .9: The amplification plot of Pig-2-Bac .10: The Chicken/ Duck-Bac marker’s standard curve .11: The amplification plot of Chicken/Duck-Bac marker .12: Relation between concentrations of pig-specific Bacteroidales marker (Pig-2-Bac) and E.
coli bacteria throughout the fecal sample and water sample .49 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF PICTURES Picture 2.1: The Duck farm .2: The Chicken farm .3: The Pig farm .4: One of the Day river's sampling point (R3) .22 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATION 16S rRNA: 16S ribosomal RNA E. coli: Escherichia coli FIB: Fecal Indicator Bacteria LD: Library-dependent LID: Library-independent MST: Microbial Source Tracking PCR: Polymerase Chains Reaction. qPCR: Real-time Polymerase Chains Reaction. v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete during my thesis.
I want to thank the Master of Environmental Engineering Lab of Vietnam-Japan University, Vietnam National University, and Nagasaki in National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi. Besides, I want to thank the Microbial lab of professor Honda at Kanazawa University for giving me permission to carry out experiments to commence this thesis in the first instance. Moreover, I appreciate the JICA company that supported me a lot in the Master program. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor – Prof.
Katayama and Assoc. Kasuga for their enthusiastic instruction throughout my thesis time. I also would like to thank all members in MEE laboratory for their help, support, interest and valuable hints. Hanoi, May 2019 Student Phạm Minh Ngọc vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com INTRODUCTION Vietnam is a developing country towards a sustainable development.
Therefore, the problem of environmental pollution is always an urgent issue and is concerned. Currently, partly due to industrial development, tons of untreated wastewater are discharged directly into water inlet sluice, rivers, and lakes. Pollutants such as organic substances and metals untreated penetrate directly into the water source. In addition, in urban areas, waste is thrown away in many places, causing sewage congestion around areas such as To Lich River, Nhue River and Day River which have the phenomenon of pollution and stinking generated by garbage.
In addition, in rural areas where livestock and poultry breeding, the water source was usually contaminated by human feces and animal feces. Because waste treatment conditions in those areas have not been developed and backward, besides, it has small livestock. Instead of collecting and treating according to the system, waste will normally be discharged directly into the surrounding environment such as groundwater and surface water (rivers and lakes) lead to the fecal pollution in environment water. These are causes of the incidence of water-related diseases such as E.
coli infected diarrhea, dermatitis, or eye diseases. They are increasing and likely to spread disease. Hence, the pollution of the water environment is affecting directly to the health of people. In Hanoi, one of the largest rivers flowing through many communes of Hanoi is the Day River.
This river starts from the Red River, and it goes through many communes which have many livestock and poultry farms (mainly pigs, chickens, ducks, and cows) that discharge livestock waste directly into that river area. Therefore, the Day river has a lot of potential for being contaminated by the feces source. However, the current fecal pollution in Day River is only determined by the FIB method, especially the use of E. coli culture in the lab.
Therefore, the managers still do not know exactly the pollution sources of there, whether the main source of pollution in the Day river basin comes from the treatment of livestock waste. vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Currently in the world, in many developed countries, in addition to using the FIB method to assess water quality, the Microbial source tracking (MST) method has been developed to find sources of fecal contamination. From there, managers can assess water quality and human health risks. The MST method is now widely used with specific hosts of the 16S rRNA gene of Bacteroidales bacteria which were found unique in feces, rumen and other cavities of humans and animals, often in greater abundance than traditionally used coliform bacteria [1].
In previous studies, manure contamination was found from the source of some animals, was based on the PCR endpoint method of the 16S rRNA gene of Bacteroides. In addition, more advanced with the qPCR method determined an accurate concentration of pollutants according to the number of copies and combined with microbial source tracking method as a marker and identify sources of pollution [2]. Microbial source tracking is a useful and important method and/or tool for environmental authorities to seek the source of possible outbreaks of animal diseases. In Vietnam, a present outbreak of African pig cholera and past lessons of H5N1 chicken fever are firm evidence of the necessity of this research.
Therefore, this research topic on "Use of Host-Specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA for Microbial Source Tracking (MST) of Environmental Water in Hanoi, Vietnam" which was to assess and detect the source of fecal pollution on Day River, which originates from pigs, chickens or ducks by application the method of biomarkers. Using the specific host of the 16S rRNA Bacteroidales gene as a marker detect pollution sources by real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, the study also assesses and compares the specificity and sensitivity of markers in Hanoi environment. The study highlights the scientific significance and practicality of the topic.
The structure of this study including four main parts and it will be shown as below: CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Fecal indicator bacteria 1.3 Microbial source tracking viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 2: MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Material and Equipment 2.4 Real – time PCR CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Case study in Kanazawa 3.2 Case study in Hanoi CHAPTER4: CONCLUSION REFERENCE ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) In the environmental quality assessment criteria, Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) method is a procedure for detecting the presence of pathogenic bacteria. In other words, this method is supposed as a proxy in environmental samples such as water environment and soil environment. Correspondingly, a similar behavior to pathogens is considered as a proxy.
As a matter of fact, the ideal bacteria indicate that the presenting microbe in the intestinal tract of people and animals as pathogens which exist in contaminated samples (as existing pathogens in contaminated samples). Besides that, they also have the survival model which is familiar to a pathogen outside the host as well as cannot reproduce and grow in an easy environment. In addition, the indicator bacteria are selected when they are easy to detect, have a low bad impact on the researcher and it is important that the costs are appropriate (relatively cheap)[3]–[5]. The criteria for selecting FIB which mentioned above is to establish a determination for the temperate system.
On the other hand, some chosen organisms such as E. coli or coliform have been applied to tropical systems without taking into account the potential properties of the tropics (eg humidity, temperature, and so forth). Also, all these factors affect the survival of the selected bacteria. Moreover, some practical evidence has been shown that the bacteria indicated for countries in the temperate zone is suitable for the tropical system [6][7].
For example, according to Carillo and Jiminez's study [8][9], it has been shown that E. coli may exist in tropical freshwater for some time, in addition, E. coli is also found in epigenetic bromeliads from tropical rain forests [10]. Likewise, from the perspective of Winfield and Groisman in 2003 [11], FIB and E.
coli, particularly can exist and develop in tropical environments, where high temperatures and organic matter concentrations are high. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. coli is known as Escherichia coli, a gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that lives mainly in the large intestine of humans and animals. coli is released into the environment, they survive and grow in wet fecal of man and animal feces for several days under anaerobic condition before self-degradation, so it is possible to create free-living populations lead to the environmental pollution.
coli strains do not harm hosts although they are parasites, sometimes they help the host fight some pathogens and create symbiotic relationships with the host. Nevertheless, there are still a few types that can cause food poisoning and some intestinal diseases for humans and animals such as diarrhea. coli and total coliform were selected as one of the FIBs to assess the environmental quality of water with standards that depend on the country, for example, follow the U. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2009, the level of E.
coli for drinking water is zero. As a matter of fact, in Vietnam, the level of E. coli for drinking water is 0 CFU/100ml base one the National Technical Regulation 01:2009/Ministry of Health. Particularly, one of the main methods used to detect FIB (E.
coli) is to use a laboratory culture, which is a simple method. Indeed, this method involves culturing a known volume of sample into the culture medium, then carrying out the incubation method within 18-24 hours at 37oC. To put in another way, for the method of using FIB, it does not identify the source of contamination, thus some newer methods can track the source of infection through the use of biomarkers.