VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HOAI DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE: CASE-STUDY IN HAI PHONG CITY MASTER’S THESIS LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HOAI DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE: CASE-STUDY IN HAI PHONG CITY MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof. KENSUKE FUKUSHI Associate Prof. TRAN THI VIET NGA Hanoi, 2020 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Kensuke Fukushi for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
It was my honor to broaden and deepen my knowledge in the field of Environment and Sustainability Science under his constant instructions and encouragement. I would like to send my thanks to my boss and my co-supervisor, Assoc. Tran Thi Viet Nga for her support and valuable advice to my fieldwork in Vietnam. It is certain that without their sympathy and support, I could not able to complete this thesis.
My gratitude is extended to all my teachers in the Master’s Programme in Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University for their enlightening lectures and instructions in many fields of Environment and Sustainability Science. I would like to thank all of the staffs working in VJU for their wonderful assistant during my study and their support for field exercises. Under VJU sponsorship, I would able to learn from the field and to exchange knowledge with other scholars working for the sake of sustainable development. My thank is extended to all the friends in VJU, we have been working hard for our own project but also working as a team in each subjects and field exercises, and we enjoy the good times as well as overcome hardships.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and trust. Their constant love and caring enable me to complete this research. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download1 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .1 LIST OF TABLES .6 LIST OF FIGURES.8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .2 Wastewater management in Vietnam .3 Organic fertilizers in Vietnam .3 Scope of study .18 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Nitrogen in the environment .1 The essential of Nitrogen and its cycle .2 Sources of nitrogen .2 Waste sludge and its recovery and reuse .1 Definition and classification of sludge .32 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download2 : add luanvanchat@agmail.3 Impacts of sludge to environment and human health .4 Technical of reusing sludge .3 Nitrogen in Hai Phong city .40 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .1 Hai Phong city .1 Natural and Socio-Economic features .2 Social-economic features .1 Data collection method .47 CHAPTER 3 ESTIMATION OF THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF NITROGEN .1 The production of nitrogen .5 Total loading of nitrogen in sludge .2 The consumption of Nitrogen through fertilizer .1 The nitrogen fertilizer consumption .3 Nitrogen consumption and production .58 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download3 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT OF CITIZENS AND FARMERS FOR WASTE- BASED FERTILIZER .3 Assessment of citizens for three type of fertilizer .4 Assessment of farmers for three type of fertilizer .73 CHAPTER 5 SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED WASTE-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN HAI PHONG CITY .1 Sustainable and integrated waste-based nitrogen management .83 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .91 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download4 : add luanvanchat@agmail.101 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download5 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 The production and consumption of nitrogen in fertilizer around the world from 2016 to 2022 (thousand tons) [20] .24 Table 1-2 The concentration of nitrogen in precipitation across United Kingdom from 2000 to 2002 .27 Table 1-3 Waste management and treated in selected cities [32] .28 Table 1-4 Selected technologies for resources recovery in waste sludge [49] .37 Table 2-1 General information of Hai Phong city .43 Table 2-2 General information of surveyors living in urban area of Hai Phong .45 Table 2-3 General information of surveyors in Ang Duong hamlet .46 Table 2-4 Agriculture land and total number of selected animal in Hai Phong city [4] .46 Table 2-5 Agriculture land and total number of selected animal in Ang Duong hamlet .47 Table 3-1 The total nitrogen generated from human excreta in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong hamlet .51 Table 3-2 Daily manure production and characteristics (per head per day) [56] .51 Table 3-3 The loading of nitrogen generated by animal manure in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet .52 Table 3-4 The total number of animal farms in Ang Duong hamlet .52 Table 3-5 The loading of nitrogen generated in aquaculture in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet .54 Table 3-6 List of industrial parks and its wastewater facility [59] .55 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download6 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table 3-7 Total loading of Nitrogen from different sources of excreta in Hai Phong city and Ang Duong Hamlet. The fertilizer consumption and the percentage of nitrogen fertilizer [60], [61] .57 Table 3-9 The total fertilizer consumption and nitrogen fertilizer consumption in Hai Phong city.58 Table 3-10 The nitrogen in fertilizer consumption and nitrogen in waste sludge of Hai Phong city and Ang Duong hamlet .59 Table 4-1 Emptying septage sludge activity of SADCO (unit:m3).61 Table 4-2 The number of survey questionnaires by districts .61 Table 4-3 Occupation percentage of the interviewer .61 Table 4-4 The number of farmers in Ang Duong hamlet .69 Table 4-5 The amount of fertilizer which farmers use in different types .70 Table 5-1 Inflow-out flow financial of three scenarios.80 Table 5-2 Financial analysis of three scenarios (VND/year) .82 Table 5-3 Feasibility assessment of 3 scenarios .83 Table 5-4 Summary the feasibility assessment for three scenarios .89 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download7 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Sources of Nitrogen .22 Figure 1-2 The meat production by meat type (2028 vs 2016-18) .25 Figure 1-3 The process of manure-N production [28] .26 Figure 1-4 Nitrogen cycle in Hai Phong city .41 Figure 2-1 Administrative map of Hai Phong .43 Figure 2-2 Location of households surveyed in urban area of Hai Phong.45 Figure 3-1 Percentage of different type of factories in the industrial parks of Hai Phong .55 Figure 3-2 Fertilizer consumption and the percentage of nitrogen in fertilizer in Vietnam [60], [61] .57 Figure 4-1 Process Flow diagram of sludge treatment in Trang Cat plant .60 Figure 4-2 Response of citizens in the on-site and off-site drainage system .62 Figure 4-3 The connection of indoor and outdoor drainage system .62 Figure 4-4 Assessment of citizens for the emptying septic tank activity .64 Figure 4-5 Unit in charge in emptying septic tank activity.64 Figure 4-6 The emptying septic tank cost .65 Figure 4-7 Location discharging septage sludge.65 Figure 4-8 Trang Cat sludge treatment plant .66 Figure 4-9 The assessment for chemical and organic fertilizers by citizens .67 Figure 4-10 The assessment of citizens for waste-based fertilizers .68 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download8 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4-11 Fertilizer cost per year .71 Figure 4-12 Fertilizer distribution places .71 Figure 4-13 Paddy field in Ang Duong hamlet .72 Figure 4-14 The assessment for chemical and organic fertilizers by farmers.
The assessment of farmer for waste-based fertilizers .74 Figure 5-1 Four main step of waste treatment and disposal .79 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download9 : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SDG Sustainable development goals WWTP Wastewater treatment plant MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development RRR Resources recovery and reuse PPP Public private partnership FAO Food and Agriculture Organization NPV Net present value IRR Internal rate of return RoI Return on Investment SADCO Sewage and Drainage Company GLOBAL GAP Global Good Agricultural Practice LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download10: add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Problem statement Vietnam is becoming one of the 15 largest agricultural exporters in the world with the total export countries of more than 180 countries and territories around the world. The annual export turnover of Vietnam is very high, but the quality of the product is unstable. Central Chairman of Vietnam Farmers Association mentioned that exported goods only achieved 5% of the international quality. Most of the products contain high levels of chemical substances that come from chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
A loose and inconsistent structure of Vietnam’s management system can be one of the reasons when 90% of fertilizer products used in Vietnam are chemical products, and farmers in Vietnam mostly overuse the fertilizer amount. The sustainable development goals 2 (SDG 2) for the End hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture development has implemented many Decisions and projects towards sustainable agriculture, though very few results recorded at this time. The trendy production in the world and in Vietnam is organic products in which organic fertilizers substitute for chemical fertilizers. Nowadays, Vietnam has many projects and models of production and use of organic fertilizers in crops but they are small and prone to failure.
Nutrient resources management has not paid much attention in Vietnam, and the concept of resource recovery and reuse has been currently unpopular. In the other hand, there are many sources that can exceed nutrient like nitrogen in our environment such as human waste, animal manure, industry waste while most of these sources in Vietnam are having discharged into the environment without the treatment. According to SDG 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all), The Ministry of construction mentioned that Vietnam currently has 37 concentrated WWTPs in urban areas with a total capacity of about 890,000m³/day, it is estimated that around 80% of the generated wastewater discharged directly into LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download11: add luanvanchat@agmail.com the water bodies without any collection and treatment or partially treated by simple on-site treatment facilities such as septic tanks, and moreover most of sludge generated from wastewater have not paid much attention. The management of sludge has only been noticed in recent years, and it has been mentioned with wastewater management in Vietnam's legal system.
In waste sludge, nitrogen exists mostly in the form of organic nitrogen, which can be recovered and reused for organic fertilizer. However, the recovery and reuse of sludge in Vietnam have just stopped at the research step and has not been put into actual operation. Most studies only focus on analyzing the properties, characteristics of sludge, and the ability of waste-based fertilizer in the laboratory. Therefore, it is certain that research for sludge waste management with the purpose of waste-based fertilizer production is necessary.2 Wastewater management in Vietnam 1.1 Wastewater management in urban areas of Vietnam In major cities in Vietnam, most of the drainage network has been built centuries ago and is now degraded.
Most of the wastewater system in Vietnam is a centralized system, collecting both wastewater and rainwater, only a few new urban areas have the separated drainage systems. Major cities such as Hanoi, Quang Ninh, Da Nang have drainage network and wastewater treatment system in the city area. However, there is still a complete construction of a WWTP but no drainage network has been built yet. Therefore, some WWTPs (WWTPs) do not operate at full capacity because there is not enough input wastewater [1].
According to the report, by 2018, Vietnam has about 37 centralized WWTPs with a total design capacity of 890,000 m3/day. It is expected that by 2020 there will be more 50 WWTPs with a total capacity of about 2 million m3/day and operation, and the rate of collected and treated wastewater will increase to about 20%. Although the number of urban WWTPs have increased over the years, however, this number is still very small compared to the actual requirements to be treated. Wastewater collection and treatment services are still quite low compared to water LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download12: add luanvanchat@agmail.com supply systems, so in many places, wastewater and rainwater are still discharged directly into rivers and lakes [2].