Phân Tích Diễn Ngôn Về Khủng Bố và Chống Khủng Bố Trong Các Bài Phát Biểu Của Barack Obama ...

Luận văn thạc sĩ phân tích vnu ulis terrorism and anti terrorism in the three speeches by american president barack hussein, đánh giá thực trạng, chỉ ra hạn chế, đề xuất giải pháp

2014

73
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

FIGURES AND TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS

1. Chapter 1: Theoretical Background and Literature Review

1.1. Discourse Analysis (DA) and approaches to DA

1.1.1. What is DA?

1.1.2. Approach to Discourse Analysis

1.1.3. Critical Discourse Analysis

1.1.4. CDA approach of Norman Fairclough

1.1.5. Review of previous studies

1.2. Context where the three speeches by Obama came out

1.3. Method of the study

3. Chapter 3: A CDA of the three speeches. An Analysis of textual description

3.1. The use of personal pronoun

3.2. Modes of the sentences

3.3. Connective values of the text

3.4. Macro-structure of the text

3.5. Interpretation of situational context

3.6. Intertextual context and presupposition

3.7. Frames, Scripts and Schemata

3.8. Topic and point

3.9. Summary of Findings

3.10. Suggestions for further study

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Rationale

1.2. Scope of the study

1.3. Aims of the study

1.4. Research questions

1.5. Design of the study

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

1. Chapter 1 Theoretical background and Literature Review

1.1. Discourse Analysis (DA) and approaches to DA

1.1.1. What is DA?

1.1.2. Approaches to Discourse Analysis

1.1.3. Critical Discourse Analysis

1.1.4. CDA approach of Norman Fairclough (Systemic Functional Grammar)

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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES ……………………. ĐỖ THU TRANG Terrorism and anti-terrorism in the three speeches by American President Barack Hussein Obama in 2009 and2011: A Critical Discourse Analysis (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ CHỦ NGHĨA KHỦNG BỐ VÀ CHỦ NGHĨA CHỐNG KHỦNG BỐ TRONG BA BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA TỔNG THỐNG MỸ BARACK HUSSEIN OBAMA VÀO NĂM 2009 VÀ 2011) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI – 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES ……………………. ĐỖ THU TRANG Terrorism and anti-terrorism in the three speeches by American President Barack Hussein Obama in 2009 and2011: A Critical Discourse Analysis (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ CHỦ NGHĨA KHỦNG BỐ VÀ CHỦ NGHĨA CHỐNG KHỦNG BỐ TRONG BA BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA TỔNG THỐNG MỸ BARACK HUSSEIN OBAMA VÀO NĂM 2009 VÀ 2011) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Dr. Ngô Hữu Hoàng HANOI – 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION To the best of my knowledge and belief, this minor thesis contains no material which has previously been submitted and accepted for any other degree in any university. The thesis is my own work and based on my own research. It involves no material previously published or written by any other person, except where due reference is made in the paper. Hanoi, 2014 Đỗ Thu Trang i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of the course work, I wish, first of all, to express my deepest gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Dr. Ngô Hữu Hoàng for his hearty guidance and his valuable criticism, which helps me so much in accomplishing my research. I also would like to thank my classmates for their advice and assistance in keeping my progress on schedule. My great thankfulness is also given to the teachers of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for their ideas to my paper and many thanks to all my friends who have encouraged and helped me during the time of collecting necessary data, information for the study. Eventually, the study has been completed to the best of my knowledge; however, mistakes and shortcomings are unavoidable. Therefore, I am looking forward to receiving comments and suggestions from any readers for the perfection of the course work. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Over the past few years, Barack Obama, the first African-American president in American history, has captured the world‘s attention when he applied his rich language expressions, impassioned speeches and wholehearted attitude to try to gain the public‘s support. Out of Obama‘s speeches, Terrorism and Anti-terrorism are the frequently-occurring concepts; therefore, in order to explore Obama‘s military ideology on terrorism and anti-terrorism, the author uses his three speeches as the data and applies a qualitative analytical approach based on Fairclough‘s Critical Discourse Analysis model. Through the study, the readers can have a better understanding about the political purpose of the selected speeches. Furthermore, the study has implications for Critical Discourse Analysis theory and for further studies on terrorism. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com FEAGURES AND TABLES Page 1. Figure 2: Explanation 10 3 Table 1: Two ideological contrastive classification schemes 16 4. Table 2: Pronouns 18 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis CL: Critical Linguistics MR: Member’s Resources SFL: Systemic Functional Language v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration. iii Figures and Tables . Scope of the study . Aims of the study. Design of the study . 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background and Literature Review .1 DA and Approach to DA .1 What is DA? .Approach to Discourse Analysis: .2 Critical Discourse Analysis: . CDA approach of Norman Fairclough . Review of previous studies . Context where the three speeches by Obama came out . Method of the study . 15 Chapter 3: A CDA of the three speeches. An Analysis of textual description . 16 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. The use of personal pronoun . Modes of the sentences . Connective values of the text . Macro-structure of the text . Interpretation of situational context . Intertextual context and presupposition . Frames, Scripts and Schemata . Topic and point . Summary of Findings . Suggestions for further study. Protecting our security and values II. New Strategy in Afghanistan III. A Moment of Opportunity vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Language in use is considered as a kind of social activity which is associated with other social activities. It is also known as ―Discourse‖ in which the first function is to serve human beings‘ needs and communication purpose in all fields of life. It can be understood that discourse is meta-function as it takes control over other functions in mankind‘s activities. With this function, Discourse always plays an important role in creating interaction and affecting communication. Through mass media discourse such as TV, newspaper, magazine and radio, people have known about terrorism and anti-terrorism concepts. Terrorism and anti- terrorism have received a lot of debate in the last decades. Hardly does a week go by without an act of terrorism taking place somewhere in the world and indiscriminately affecting innocent people. Because of this reason, politicians create interaction with their citizens and people in other nations by using discourse to gain the public support for anti- terrorism and military engagements. Terrorism is one of the greatest threats to the country‘s national security and that the war against terrorism should be a major focus of national policy. Countering this scourge is in the interest of all nations and the issue has been on the agenda of the United Nations for decades. Each nation has its own way against terrorism. Many countries usually take advantages of using the power of discourse to convey their propaganda against terrorism and the U.S is not an exception. Speeches on terrorism have been part of American politics for a long time. Of these speeches seem to be most popular with the first African-American president, Barack Hussein Obama. As D‘Souza (2006) once stated that the U.S sees itself as the freest and most powerful society and has a policy of ―no-negotiation-with-terrorists‖; thus it takes advantage of such speeches to criticize, warn and invoke fear in the so-called terrorists. As a student of English Linguistics major at Post-graduate Department at University of Languages and International Studies and the one who is interested in Discourse Analysis (DA), I realize that DA is a useful tool for not only studying linguistics but also broadening knowledge in socio-culture. I am also aware that anti- terrorism is a matter of great urgency. Everybody in the world should join hands towards a peaceful world with no wars. Because of that, I decided to examine Obama‘s persuasive strategies and find out his covert ideology on terrorism and anti-terrorism through his three speeches. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The approach that I apply to this study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as it makes CDA different from other forms of discourse analysis is the element ‗critical‘. According to Fairclough (1992:9), ―‗Critical‘ implies showing connections and causes which are hidden; it also implies intervention, for example providing resources for those who may be disadvantaged through change‖. Since hidden things are not evident so that it is necessary to expose them. Out of theoreticians of discourse linguistics, Norman Fairclough is a famous name. This analysis is grounded in Norman Fairclough‘s framework of CDA. Scope of the study Although there are many speeches by Barack Obama on terrorism and anti-terrorism, the author just focuses on three ones addressed in 2009 and 2011: (1) Protecting our security and our values in 2009, (2) New strategy on Afghanistan in 2009 and (3) A moment of opportunity in 2011. Besides, the author just analyzes the transcript of speeches, not the spoken ones so that paralinguistics and extralinguistics, though important, are not in consideration. As mentioned above, Norman Fairclough‘s framework of CDA is chosen as a main analytical tool, who considers social context as one of the elements of discourse analysis. Therefore, some information of the U.S context at the time the speeches given is summarized. Aims of the study By analyzing Obama‘s speeches from CDA viewpoint, the study is aimed at deciphering ideological traits in Barack Obama‘s speeches from linguistic features, uncovering how Obama persuades people through his language and what has made his speeches impressive and influential and helping language users understand more about CDA as well as promoting their critical thinking – a useful method to approach political discourse 4. Research questions In order to fulfill the aims of the study, the following research questions are posed: 1. How are Obama’s covert ideologies on terrorism and anti-terrorism expressed in terms of discoursal linguistic features? 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. What can the readers interpret from the discourse in terms of situational context and intertextual context? 3. Design of the study The study is divided into three main parts: - Part 1- Introduction (rationale, scope, aims, research questions, and methodology). - Part 2- Development:  Chapter 1- Literature Review:  Chapter 2- Methodology (Research context, methods of study, data collection and data analysis).  Chapter 3 - An analysis of three speeches based on Fairclough‘s analytical framework - Part 3- Conclusion: (Major findings, conclusions and suggestions for further research) 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1 Theoretical background and Literature Review THEORY 1.1 Discourse Analysis (DA) and approaches to DA 1.1 What is DA? Undoubtedly, the past few decades has seen a significant growth of interest in discourse analysis. Many linguists have focused on the term ‗discourse‘ as the main topic for their articles and researches. Up to now, this term has been defined variously by different linguists. Potter (1987) says that the term ‗discourse‘ itself has been used in many varying ways. Some researchers take ‗discourse‘ to mean all forms of talk and writing (Gilbert and Mulkay, 1984), other take the term to apply only to the way talk is meshed together (Sinclair and Coulhard, 1975). It should be noted that discourse is all forms of spoken interaction, formal and informal, and written texts of all kinds whereby discourse is a process or a practice and text (or talk) is the product of that process. Furthermore, discourse plays a fundamental role in our daily expression and communication because it can maintain interaction and build social relationships. It appears to be the main label of the study of language use, talk, text, verbal action, and communication. Thus, the name for the field is later considered as ‗Discourse Analysis‘ (Tannan, 1989a as cited in Schriffin, 1994:38) From the above definitions, Discourse Analysis can be understood by the analysis of any these forms of discourse or of language in use (Brown and Yule, 1983). Schriffin (1994:42) sees DA using a combined structural and functional view that actual analysis of discourse reveals interdependence between structure and function. His view leads DA to be seen as the study of text and context in which structure focuses on text and function on context. Consequently, DA cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms, but DA has focused very much upon the social nature of communication, stressing contextual aspects of meaning which are interactive and negotiated, determined by the social relations and identities of the participants in communication (Cook, 1994). It can be inferred that discourse analysis studies and analyzes what actually reveals in a text or texts related to the context and its or their functions. 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.2 Approaches to Discourse Analysis 1.

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