VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ---------------------- UNDERGRADUATED THESIS ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SPOILAGE OF POST-HARVEST MANGO FRUITS VENDED IN MARKETS OF GIA LAM DISTRICT Student’s name : Do Huyen Trang Student’s code : 610683 Major : Microbial biotechnology Supervisor : Nguyen Thanh Huyen, MSc HANOI, 2/2021 COMMITMENTS I hereby declare that all the data and results in this thesis are honest and have never been used in any report yet. I also assure that the information cited in the thesis is indicated the origin and all the help is thankful. Hanoi, 1st February, 2021 Student Do Huyen Trang i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my appreciation to the directory of Vietnam Na- tional University of Agriculture, board of deans and lectures in the Faculty of Biotechnol- ogy for giving me a chance to study in a professional environment that provided me the sufficient knowledge throughout four and a half academic years. In the process of doing my thesis, there are many people who help me bring this work to existence, but the most influential and inspiring person I would like to extend a special thanks is my supervisor, MSc.
Nguyen Thanh Huyen, who in the past 6 months has helped me to accomplish more than I thought possible and inspired me to experience the research and patiently correct my writing. I would like to express my deep gratitude to all teachers from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, who encouraged me to enhance knowledge and help me get orientation of my thesis. I would like also thank all my friends, who were with me up until this point, simul- taneously motivate me to accomplish more through their examples. Last but not least, I’d like to thank my parents who encouraged me to try my best until the job is done, and who never ceased in providing me with the support I needed Hanoi, February 1st , 2021 Student Do Huyen Trang ii TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMITMENTS .ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .vi LIST OF TABLES .vii LIST OF FIGURES. 2 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW. General introduction of mango. Origin and distribution.
Composition of mango cultivars. Common diseases of mango fruits in the world and in Vietnam. Stem end rot. Control of spoilage and ripening in mango fruits.
23 CHAPTER III: MATERIAL AND METHODS. Chemicals, instruments and equipment. Location and time studies. Method of isolation and purification of fungal pathogens from rotten mango fruit.
Method of artificial infection. Method of studying biological characteristics. Optimal growth conditions of fungi. Method of testing enzymatic activity.
Molecular identification of fungal species. 31 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Isolation of fungal pathogens causing spoil in post-harvest mango fruits. Characterization of isolated fungal strains.
Effect of different media on the growth of isolated fungal strains. Effect of different pH on the growth of isolated fungal strains. Effect of different temperatures on the growth of isolated fungal strains. Testing extracellular enzyme activity.
Producing chitinase activity of isolated fungal strains. Producing cellulase activity of isolated fungal strains. Producing pectinase activity of isolated fungal strains. DNA extraction of isolated fungal strains.
PCR amplification of three isolated strains. Phylogenetic analysis of M1 strain. Phylogenetic analysis of M2 strain. Phylogenetic analysis of M3 strain.
56 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION. 59 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Explanation PDA Potato Dextrose Agar SDA Sabouraud Dextrose Agar MEA Malt Extract Agar CDA Czapek Dox Agar ISP International Streptomyces Project et al et alia vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Acreage and yield of mango in different regions in Vietnam in 2017 .2: Nutritional value per 100g in Mango.3: Nutritional value of seed kernel in Mango.4: Nutritional value of leaves in Mango.1: The presence of fungi strains in three chosen markets.2: Morphological characterization of three isolated fungal strains.3: Time to form hyphae, sclerotium, conidiophores, conidia and chlamydospore. 40 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Mango production worldwide from 2000 to 2018 (in million metric tons).2: World's top 25 largest mango producers in 2018 (tonnes).3: Map of mango in Vietnam .6: Mangoes with different colours .7: Unripe mango and ripe mango .8: Anthracnose on mango fruits.10: Stem end rot of mango caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae .11: Morphological characterization of Lasiodiplodia theobromae.12: Morphological characterization of Rhizopus stolonifer .13: Transit rot of mango caused by Rhizopus stolonifer .14: Spoilage mango caused by A.15: Morphological characterization of Aspergillus niger.16: Products derived from prochloraz .17: Bio-polymer film for preserving fruits.1: Isolated fungal strain from the postharvest spoiled mangoes .2: Isolated samples of M1, M2 and M3 strain .3: Re-infection of isolated fungal strain (M1, M2, M3) in mangoes fruit and control sample on the 4th day.4: Microscopic observation of the isolated fungal strain-M1.5: Microscopic observation of the isolated fungal strain-M2.6: Microscopic observation of the isolated fungal strain-M3.7: Fungal strain-M1 in different media on the 5th day .8: Fungal strain-M2 in different media on the 5th day .9: Fungal strain-M3 in different media on the 2rd day .10: Fungal strain-M1 in different pH on the 5th day .11: Fungal strain-M2 in different pH on the 5th day .12: Fungal strain-M3 in different pH on the 2rd day .13: Fungal strain-M1 in different temperatures on the 5th day .14: Fungal strain-M2 in different temperatures on the 5th day .15: Fungal strain-M3 in different temperatures on the 2rd day .16: Chitinase activity of the isolated strains based on their clear zones around the wells after a day’s incubation .17: Cellulase activity of the isolated strains based on their clear zones around the wells after a day’s incubation .18: Pectinase activity of the isolated strains based on their clear zones around the wells after a day’s incubation. 50 ix ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine and study the biological characteristics of pathogenic fungal strains in post-harvest spoiled mango fruits, we isolated, purified of fungal strains from spoiled pieces of mango, then re-infected the isolated fungal strains into the healthy mango to select fungal strains capable of causing disease.
These selected fungal strains were used to study further experiments, including: research morphological, biochemical characteristics and evaluate the effect of culture medium, pH and temperature to the growth and development of isolated fungal strains. From the infected sample, 3 fungal strains (M1, M2 and M3) were isolated that have potential to cause disease in mango, verified by artificial infection. Through studying the optimal growth conditions of fungal strains, it proves that M1 grows well on SDA and PDA, the fungal strains M2 and M3 showed good growth of mycelium on PDA and MEA. In terms of temperature, M1 and M3 grew suitable around 30-37°C whereas the fastest colony growth of M2 was obtained in temperature of 30°C.
It was also found that M1 grows highest at pH 5. M2 strain showed good growth of mycelium at pH 7. The suitable growth of M3 was obtained at pH 4. In terms of extracellular enzyme activity, it was found that M1, M2 and M3 can produce pectinase; M1 and M2 have the ability to produce chitinase whereas only M1 can produce cellulase among three isolated strains.
The isolated fungal strains were studied morphological characteristics. M1 showed a branched-septate hyphae with colorless. Conidial heads are large, globose, dark brown, becoming radiate and tending to split into several loose columns with age. Conidiophore stipes are smooth-walled, hyaline or turning dark towards the vesicle.
Conidia are globose to subglobose, dark brown to black and rough-walled. M2 also showed a branched-septate hyphae with colorless. Sclerotia are sub-ovoid, light-yellow, becoming pale brown as they mature. Conidiophores produce both alpha-conidia and beta-conidia.
M3 isolated showed septate, branched hyphae. Not produce spores. The isolated fungal strains were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region and 16s rRNA. The causal fungal strains were identified as A.
Niger (M1), Phomopsis sp. Introduction Mango is one of the most important and popular fruits in Vietnam, which is con- sidered as the ''king of fruits''. This fruit has very high economic efficiency. It can be sold at a price from 25 to 30 thousand/kg, meanwhile off-season mango price is about 50 thou- sand/kg.
Mango tree has high revenue of about 350-450 million/ha. In addition, it can be intercropped with many other types of trees with low canopy to increase income per farm- ing unit. It can be seen that mango is one of the crops of high economic value and optimal yield. Moreover, bringing profits and jobs to people out of poverty create an advantage impact on the development of Vietnam (Farmtech VietNam, 2017).
Extension of mango cultivation has also occurred to several other parts of the world including Africa, the Americas and the Caribbean region (Vietmeyer, 1986). Day by day consumption of man- go gets popularity in the developed countries (Diedhiou et al. In accordance with several studies, it was reported that different parts of mango contains phenolic compounds, polyphenols, phenolic acids, hydrocarbons, fatty acid, ami- no acids and triterpenes etc. and these chemical compounds present in the mango exhibit- ed various biological activities like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodula- tory, antiplasmodial and antihyperlipidemic effects (Ediriweera et al.
However, the production of mangoes becomes inadequate due to losses in the field, during storage, transit or trans-shipment, during handling processes of the crop from the grower to the whole sale dealer and to retailer and finally to consumers (Chukwuka et al., 2010; Barth et al. During storage stage, mangoes are easily spoiled. The high con- centration of various sugars, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and low pH are the major factors that contribute to the successful growth and survival of various saprophytic and parasitic fungi (Bhale, 2011). The most frequent pathogenic fungi isolated from mangoes are Colletotrichum gloeosporioids, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella dominican, D.
Mangiferae, Phomopsis mangiferae and Aspergillus niger (Sangchote, 1987). Species belonging to Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Botrydiplodia, Phomopsis and Diplo- dia have been reported to cause rotting of fruit during transit, storage and marketing inju- ries (Dasgupta and Bhat, 1946; Kanitkar and Uppal, 1939; Thakur and Chenulu, 1970; Laxinarayan and Reddy, 1975; Thakur, 1972). Fungal spoilage created unpleasant odours and flavor, reduced quality and caused foodborne disease (Rawat, 2015). Facing the reality of reduced mango productivity and also creating negative effects on the economy are occured.
Current study was undertaken to isolate, determine the mor- phological and biochemical characteristics of fungal strains associated with post-harvest mango fruits in variety markets in Gia Lam district. Hence, the most effective direction of control for the isolated fungal strains in fruits can be found. Objective Isolation, determination the morphological and biochemical characteristics of pathogenic fungi associated with spoilage of mango fruits in the different markets of Gia Lam district. Requirement Isolate and select of fungi associated with spoilage of mango fruit in the different markets of Gia Lam district area.
Re-infect the fungi into the healthy mangoes. Study biological characteristics of fungal strains causing spoilt on mango fruits: morphology colony, mycelium and spore of fungus. Evaluate of the ability of extracellular enzyme production of isolated fungal strains. Examine some factors affecting on the growth of those fungal strains.
2 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. General introduction of mango A mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a stone fruit produced from various species of tropical trees, is a member of the family Anacardiaceae and belong to the flowering plant genus Mangifera, cultivated mostly for their edible fruit (Morton, 1987) “Mangoes are native to South Asia, especially eastern India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands, the mango has been cultivated, praised and even revered in its homeland since Ancient times” (Morton, 1987). It is the national fruit of India, and has been decided as the national tree of Bangladesh (Bangladesh’s Fish Internet Newspaper, 2010). Mangifera indica L has al- so been distributed worldwide to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics.