Malik Zainul Abdin Usha Kiran Kamaluddin Athar Ali Editors Plant Biotechnology: Principles and Applications Plant Biotechnology: Principles and Applications Malik Zainul Abdin • Usha Kiran Kamaluddin • Athar Ali Editors Plant Biotechnology: Principles and Applications Editors Malik Zainul Abdin Usha Kiran Department of Biotechnology CTPD, Department of Biotechnology Jamia Hamdard Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, India New Delhi, India Kamaluddin Athar Ali Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CTPD, Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Jamia Hamdard SKUAST of Kashmir New Delhi, India New Delhi, India ISBN 978-981-10-2959-2 ISBN 978-981-10-2961-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2961-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963599 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The group of technologies that use biological matter or processes to generate new and useful products and processes define biotechnology. The plant biotechnology is increasingly gaining importance, because it is related to many facets of our lives, particularly in connection with global warming, alternative energy initiatives, food production, and medicine. This book, entitled Plant Biotechnology: Principles and Applications, is devoted to topics with references at both graduate and postgraduate levels.
The book traces the roots of plant biotechnology from the basic sciences to current applications in the biological and agricultural sciences, industry, and medi- cine. The processes and methods used to genetically engineer plants for agricul- tural, environmental, and industrial purposes along with bioethical and biosafety issues of the technology are vividly described in the book. It is also an ideal refer- ence for teachers and researchers, filling the gap between fundamental and high- level approaches. The book is comprised of 14 chapters.
The first chapter is “Historical Perspective and Basic Principles of Plant Tissue Culture.” It describes the use of tissue culture as an established technique for culturing and studying the physiological behavior of isolated plant organs, tissues, cells, protoplasts, and even cell organelles under pre- cisely controlled physical and chemical environments and a source for obtaining new variants with desirable agronomic traits. It also discusses the micropropagation of the plants and its use in conservation of endangered species and afforestation programs. The second chapter “Plant Tissue Culture: Application in Plant Improvement and Conservation” describes the use of micropropagation for ornamental and forest trees, production of pharmaceutically interesting compounds, and plant breeding for improved nutritional value of staple crop plants, including trees. It also high- lights the application of plant tissue culture in providing high-quality planting mate- rial for fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants and forest tree species throughout the year, irrespective of season and weather, thus opening new opportunities to pro- ducers, farmers, and nursery owners.
The third chapter “Plant Genetic Resources: Their Conservation and Utility for Plant Improvement” describes biodiversity as not merely a natural resource but an v vi Preface embodiment of cultural diversity and the diverse knowledge of different communi- ties across the world. The chapter reviews the genetic diversity in plant genetic resources in India, methods of its conservation, and the utilization of plant genetic resources in crop improvement programs. The fourth chapter “Methods in Transgenic Technology” describes genetic engi- neering as an imperative tool for breeding of crops. The chapter reviews transgenic- enabling technologies such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gateway vector-based technology, and generation of marker-free transgenics, gene targeting, and chromosomal engineering.
The fifth chapter “Plant Promoters: Characterization and Application in Transgenic Technology” describes the structural features of plant promoters fol- lowed by types along with examples; approaches available for promoter isolation, identification, and their functional characterization; and various transgenic crops commercialized or in pipeline in relation to the specific promoters used in their development. The sixth chapter “Metabolic Engineering of Secondary Plant Metabolism” describes the strategies that have been developed to engineer complex metabolic pathways in plants, focusing on recent technological developments that allow the most significant bottlenecks to be overcome in metabolic engineering of secondary plant metabolism to enhance the productions of high-value secondary plant metabolites. The seventh chapter “Plastome Engineering: Principles and Applications” sum- marizes the basic requirements of plastid genetic engineering and control levels of expression of chloroplast proteins from transgenes. It also discusses the current status and the potential of plastid transformation for expanding future studies.
The eighth chapter “Genetic Engineering to Improve Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants” reviews the genes that have been used to genetically engineer resistance in plants against diverse plant pathogenic diseases. The ninth chapter “Developing Stress-Tolerant Plants by Manipulating Components Involved in Oxidative Stress” describes recent advances in the defense system of plants during oxidative stress and also discusses the potential strategies for enhancing tolerance to oxidative stress. The tenth chapter “Plant Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem” discusses the physiological, morphological, and molecular bases of plant adaptation including secondary metabolism at varying altitudes in context to representative plant species in western Himalaya. The eleventh chapter “Drought-Responsive Stress-Associated MicroRNAs” summarizes the recent molecular studies on miRNAs involved in the regulation of drought-responsive genes, with emphasis on their characterization and functions.
The twelfth chapter “Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding of Crops” describes the molecular markers, their advantages, disadvantages, and the applications of these markers in marker-assisted selection (MAS) in crop plants to improve their agronomic traits. Preface vii The thirteenth chapter “Plant-Based Edible Vaccines: Issues and Advantages” reviews the recent progress made with respect to the expression and use of plant- derived vaccine antigens. The fourteenth chapter “Biosafety, Bioethics, and IPR Issues in Plant Biotechnology” reviews the IPRs, biosafety, and ethical issues arising from the research in plant biotechnology and product obtained thereof. Each chapter has been written by one or more eminent scientists in the field and then carefully edited to ensure thoroughness and consistency.
The book shall be valuable for undergraduate and postgraduate students as a textbook and can also be used as a reference book for those working as plant biologists, biochemists, molecu- lar biologists, plant breeders, and geneticists in academia and industries. New Delhi, India Malik Zainul Abdin New Delhi, India Usha Kiran New Delhi, India Kamaluddin New Delhi, India Athar Ali Contents 1 Historical Perspective and Basic Principles of Plant Tissue Culture. 1 Anwar Shahzad, Shiwali Sharma, Shahina Parveen, Taiba Saeed, Arjumend Shaheen, Rakhshanda Akhtar, Vikas Yadav, Anamica Upadhyay, and Zishan Ahmad 2 Plant Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Improvement and Conservation. 37 Anwar Shahzad, Shahina Parveen, Shiwali Sharma, Arjumend Shaheen, Taiba Saeed, Vikas Yadav, Rakhshanda Akhtar, Zishan Ahmad, and Anamica Upadhyay 3 Plant Genetic Resources: Their Conservation and Utility for Plant Improvement.
73 Tapan Kumar Mondal and Krishna Kumar Gagopadhyay 4 Methods in Transgenic Technology. Ahmad, Athar Ali, Saba Siddiqui, Kamaluddin, and Malik Zainul Abdin 5 Plant Promoters: Characterization and Applications in Transgenic Technology. Srinivasan 6 Metabolic Engineering of Secondary Plant Metabolism. 173 Usha Kiran, Athar Ali, Kamaluddin, and Malik Zainul Abdin 7 Plastome Engineering: Basics Principles and Applications.
191 Malik Zainul Abdin, Priyanka Soni, and Shashi Kumar 8 Genetic Engineering to Improve Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. 207 Savithri Purayannur, Kamal Kumar, and Praveen Kumar Verma ix x Contents 9 Developing Stress-Tolerant Plants by Manipulating Components Involved in Oxidative Stress. 233 Shweta Sharma, Usha Kiran, and Sudhir Kumar Sopory 10 Plant Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem. 249 Sanjay Kumar and Surender Kumar Vats 11 Drought-Associated MicroRNAs in Plants: Characterization and Functions.
273 Priyanka Soni and Malik Zainul Abdin 12 Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Selection in Crop Plants. Khan, Usha Kiran, Athar Ali, Malik Zainul Abdin, M. Zargar, Shahid Ahmad, Parvej A. Sofi, and Shazia Gulzar 13 Plant-Based Edible Vaccines: Issues and Advantages.
329 Mohan Babu Appaiahgari, Usha Kiran, Athar Ali, Sudhanshu Vrati, and Malik Zainul Abdin 14 Biosafety, Bioethics, and IPR Issues in Plant Biotechnology. 367 Usha Kiran, Malik Zainul Abdin, and Nalini Kant Pandey Contributors Malik Zainul Abdin Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Shahid Ahmad Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST of Kashmir, New Delhi, India Malik M. Ahmad Integral Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, India Zishan Ahmad Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Rakhshanda Akhtar Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Athar Ali CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India S. Amitha Mithra ICAR-National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, India Mohan Babu Appaiahgari Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Haryana, India Krishna Kumar Gagopadhyay National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India Shazia Gulzar Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST of Kashmir, New Delhi, India Kamaluddin Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST of Kashmir, New Delhi, India M.
Khan Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST of Kashmir, New Delhi, India xi xii Contributors Usha Kiran CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India K. Kulkarni ICAR-National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, India Kamal Kumar Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India Sanjay Kumar Biodiversity Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India Shashi Kumar International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India Tapan Kumar Mondal National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India Nalini Kant Pandey Indian Patent Agent CIP LEGIT, Intellectual Property Counsels, New Delhi, India Shahina Parveen Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Savithri Purayannur Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India Taiba Saeed Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Arjumend Shaheen Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Anwar Shahzad Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Shiwali Sharma Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Shweta Sharma Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India Saba Siddiqui Integral Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, India Parvej A. Sofi Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST of Kashmir, New Delhi, India Priyanka Soni CTPD, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Sudhir Kumar Sopory Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India Contributors xiii R. Srinivasan ICAR-National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, India Anamica Upadhyay Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Surender Kumar Vats Biodiversity Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India Praveen Kumar Verma Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India Sudhanshu Vrati Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Haryana, India Vikas Yadav Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India M.