MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology PULVERIZATION OF GAC ARIL USING PARTIAL OIL EXTRACTION AND SPRAY DRYING A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology Student: Nguyen Ha Hai Yen Supervisor: Dr. Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology PULVERIZATION OF GAC ARIL USING PARTIAL OIL EXTRACTION AND SPRAY DRYING A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology Student: Nguyen Ha Hai Yen Supervisor: Dr. Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First, I would like to thank the Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Nong Lam University - Ho Chi Minh City teachers for teaching and imparting useful knowledge to me. To my major supervisor, Dr.
Huynh Tien Dat, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for her unwavering guidance, invaluable patience, and feedback throughout this project, especially, for allowing me to conduct this rambutan seed milk study. And to the Advanced Program of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology for supporting the necessary research conditions. And thanks to my friends who were especially supportive, encouraging, and helpful throughout my undergraduate study. Last, I want to acknowledge my family for their support and understanding.
Ho Chi Minh City, May 2024 NGUYEN HA HAI YEN ABSTRACT Pulverization of Gac aril into powder is promising to extend the industrial application of Gac products. This study aimed to convert Gac aril into powder using different techniques. Dried Gac aril was pulverized by directly grinding and partial oil extraction before grinding. The spray drying method was also applied to obtain Gac aril powder for comparison.
Gac powders were measured for the percentage of passing through a 300 um sieve, total carotenoids, bulk density, colour and moisture content. The results showed that Gac aril had a high content of lipids (24.95%) causing paste forming rather than powder in the direct grinding process. Partial extraction of 25, 30, 40 and 50% Gac oil resulted in a successful pulverization into powder. Gac aril powder obtained from 40% oil extraction showed a high carotenoid retention (47.4%) and a high percentage of passing through a 300 um sieve (94%).
Maltodextrin and inlet spray drying temperature significantly affected the quality of Gac aril powder. Spray-dried Gac powder obtained from 10% maltodextrin added and the inlet temperature of 1300C showed the highest total carotenoid content (65.3 mg/100 g), highest redness (a* = 29.4), and acceptable bulk density and moisture content. Our findings suggest that 40% oil extraction is adequate for pulverizing Gac aril into powder. Spray drying has the potential to produce a high Gac content powder (at least 33%) that is promising for industrial application.
Keywords: Gac aril powder, spray drying, oil-extracted, pulverization. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1 PRS TERA Co espe scsi etc tei re Sa SR SEIT ii ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS weccssessnssossxsensaessnenewnseenuncsnonneenscinsaccseansnesuseeausenennaeieenennneness 11 LIST 9)0. vi LIST OF TẠIBT Ea th csoue tus 8: GVEPUGEERARLSEpESStHSGS951901532:G0NISHXEGLHN2HÒES88/tQ.0 ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION sssssisssssesnnsnamsanaanaracmamumien annem amanaemsemnes | Chapter 2 LITERATURE.
RE VTE W S6 ecsce non hgiE 9g hưu mucmersenrmmnesecarstemeneh econ veer! 3 2.1 Characteristics and growth of Gac pÏarifS.2 Nutritional composition of Gac fruit .2 Carotenoids and their PUncti ot occccacsg saves wssnszesszenesaduaanstencendasnenireecneneenassaiemnsaseess 5 OHA UB 8 Ve) LỐP 218) (c) | eee ee ne ee eee i) 2.1 Beta-carotene health benefits wcisccsvessescssessscsaysevseeseran cen vesesessaevesesessuseanseesees 8 Dedede LAY CODES sexsesseenspoverus SGĐISSEEHSTSCBESSUIS0S-GHĐĐNG0GI8 SDDHGSHHSISESIEHBEISGSGHSSRIOEERGĐDSVRMSEEESHEIS00S0089 9 22.2, leycoperte health ĐEHEITUSLssssspssssssaessstoiotainbiopscitdgidgag4SSp6ggasiagispivgpcglidspiadae 9 2.3 Effect of heat on the stability of lycopene and beta-carotenoid. 11 2⁄2 DPV TS TECHIES cung gnú anh gà tà k4 L83383 15 dã8161Đ4SESE3SSESSSRSSRSRSSSSS4533S81368438.4 Potential of partial oil extraction for pulVer1ZzafIOn.-------------c+<c+<c+<ccee 14 Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS .::cecceeeceeceeeeseeseeseeseeseeseeseeneeseseaeens 17 Jal, Time and place ðETGSEATGH-‹.2 Materials and Methods 11 .1 Materials and EquIpImerI.---- --- + + + + ++* +2 221221212112 1 ng ri 17 EQUIP ICME sc 2106666661 56106161 1559115 S08 1š 5 S3 S553 4315558638 S1443865351356EX244433683345:E556580L48516811585358X58 18 3.5 BI DETIIGHESGGOiiessesasieessesetbebdots21365030594020340BS22)G823. Preliminary investigation of pulverization Gac aril by drying the following ĐTTHTHE 35:256226556015600 012100150 ni meen eee nee ene 18 3.2 Investigating the pulverization of Gac aril powder by partial oil extraction and SrINdiNg 01177.3 Investigating the pulverization of Gac powder by spray dryIng.1 Determine the suitable maltodextrin concentration for dry1ng. Effect of inlet drying temperature on the Gac aril powder.1 Moisture content 00 Ỷảá.2 Determine lipid GOHCHEeesszsecsseesesessss46121514414165414045913313555043915SEE655955855SE8 22 3.5 Determination of total carotenoids.
24 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sscciáccás0606016658 080110161 1 Preliminary investigation of pulverization Gac aril by drying the following (1181101 Go, và, s62 ete nee ete ieee ee kn aoe NO Nee eee NEE Ot 25 4.2 Investigating the pulverization of Gac aril powder by partial oil extraction using BS CAV Cee! (010 ee cac ee eae 26 4.1 Effect of amount of oil extract on the ability of pulver1zation.2 Effects of oil extraction on retention of carotenoids .3 Effects of oil extraction using a screw press method conditions on the color characteristics of Gace powders \ccnconcunmauenmarusmmeion pumas ome can 00012186.3 Investigating the pulverization of Gac powder by spray drying method.1 Effects of maltodextrin on the total carotenoid content of Gac powders .2 Effects of inlet drying temperature in spray drying of Gace aril.1 Effects of inlet drying temperature on the total carotenoid content of Gac DOW/GTElertzaeesrsesokyzlefssz Sggi2gitrre2fu23oiBiS3:EĐrSifglbgitistdgipsolsis0ixtujgHg8g60i40Ei80s3:8icsgosoloisgastsi18ses 36 Chapter 5 CONGLUUSION. hao HÊn HH Hi 41 I;4518) 518 51N 6155577277777. ẻẽ cố ốc ốc. 42 AUP PESIDICE 8 aseeeeessroossiesottittigbagRoogssdzSÐERiSdGBIDIGS4/2S9E8ISBE2SG/3053G03NESHIGIGHH.SHGBE4GNSNGDSgASG8S:ZÓ 45 APPENDIX.
Á ca nteissrtstevoG0SEGTA SE E:dbSISGIENGSEEs-IBB0ME5GEESIS/003380000iAGiS8sUSI4GI4iS00Bsuesl 45 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MC Moisture content Aw Water activity BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene w.b Wet weight basic d.b Dry weight basic HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography TCC Total carotenoid content LIST OF FIGURES vi Figure 2. 1 Morphology of Gac ÍTUIẲ.-- ---- <5 cece cee +12 21191 TH TH Hưng ướt 4 Figure 2. 2 Lycopene content in fruit and Vegetables vcccsecvissssevecsssnevsessneessnvexcnenseueensnvevess 5 Figure 2. 3 B-carotene content in fruit and vegetables.
4 Structures of common carOf€ñOIS. 5 Structure formula and general properties of @ -carotene. 6 Structure formula and general properties of lyceopene. Ï Dried the Grae iÏÌBScssseesesiettoaesetissosssttptdtegi9ig4g3y0xs4g9x2isgtyS03a940004903803000053604 17 Figure 3.
1 Production process diagram by screw pressing method. 3 Production process diagram by spray drying method. 1 Paste forming in direct grinding of dried Gac aIrÌ,. 2 The percentage of passing through 300 um sieve of Gac aril samples obtained from partial oil extraction and ørInding.
----------- 52+ 52 ++s+sc+sc+sczccx+ 27 Figure 4. 3 Carotenoid content and retention of Gac aril powder obtained from partial OLVERA CH OR Aid SHNGITG boss ngbndinotiosittiinBioSSSGIAl81300380556G9S4G2ISESESSSSE35/050/580388088400. 4 The total color difference (AE) of Gac powder as a result of different oil- extracted CONGIt ONS sosissessssenesareseemrreuneranmseresnereeanecesenesasersaensereee 30 Figure 4. 5 Gac aril powder samples obtained from partial oil extraction and grinding Figure 4.
6 Bulk density of Gac arils powder obtained from partial oil extraction and SNC SS 31 Figure 4. 7 Moisture content of Gac arils powder obtained from partial oil extraction following The: SHNGINS PLO CESS TS Số. 8 Effects of maltodextrin concentrations on carotenoid content of Gac Figure 4. 10 The bulk density of spray-dried powders with different amounts of PAHOA SSRI AMIEss cores cece aeros onascee sears sense asaen as mse a Na cnn eae crete GE 35 Figure 4.
11 The moisture content of spray-dried powders with different amounts of InHÌTOLIEX ETTTTssvctoogibtiiotoiDEDDGEEGGEEIRGEHASERESGIRSGEEEIIRECEGEEQEERSIGERQIGGUEEQUEEELGNGRINRGSkSG0ISLNHgitliiadongk 35 Figure 4. 12 The total carotenoid content of Gac aril powder conditions at different Inlet Spray-diied TEMP ETALULES ‹ sen assess cesraieravresneeeswenemarnamiecesweeeetesees 36 Figure 4. 13 Different colours of spray-dried Gac powders at different inlet drying {eM Peratut CS oes rence cpecnsneneccmen maemo 38 Figure 4. 14 The bulk density of Gac aril powder at different inlet spray-dried temperatures.
15 The moisture content of Gac aril powder at different inlet spray-dried SC eh OS eres ere gS 39 viii LIST OF TABLES Table:3. 1 ‘Chennicals used tn: thre study’ casccsnxecesebesssdsiSegtasE:b323t 00x08 0565003348828 93684803586 17 Table 3. 2 Operating conditions for spray drying of Gac ÍTuit. 1 Effects of oil pressing levels on color parameters of Gac powdet.
2 Effects of maltodextrin concentrations on color parameters of Gac powder Table 4. 3 Effects of inlet drying temperature on color parameters of Gac powders.37 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Food powder offers a wide range of advantages that meet consumer needs and food industry production. Food powder is considered as convenient, has low transport and storage costs, long shelf life and retains high bioactive components of foods (Kha et al. 2010; Gao et al.
Thus, converting fresh produce into powder is promising for application in the food industry and exportation. Gac fruit is commonly used as a food colorant in Vietnamese culinary. The most valuable part of the Gac fruit is the fruit aril which contains a high content of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol which are well- known as strong antioxidants (Nhung, Bung, Ha, and Phong (2010), Chuyen, Nguyen, Roach, Golding, and Parks (2015); Kha et al. It has been reported that Gac fruit carotenoids have higher bioaccessible compared to that of carrot root and tomato fruit (Miiller-Maatsch 2017).
Therefore, Gac fruit aril powder production would have the potential to extend industrial applications and consumptions beyond domestic utilization. The pulverization of plant-based products can be achieved through drying and subsequent grinding. The process of powder production may be affected by factors such as the nature of materials and the physiochemical of the plants (Zhao et al. Under this scenario, a potential challenge in aril powder production may be encountered since it contains around 27% (dw) oil content (Tran et al.
However, the current literature is very limited in reporting partially extracted oil for Gac aril powder production. Food powder, on the other hand, is also produced through the spray-drying technique. Spray drying is reported as a cost-effective, repeatable and scaleable method for food powder production (Sosnik and Seremeta 2015). In the spray drying process, the addition of spray-dried materials leads to dilution of the target components.
This issue could be considered as a disadvantage of the process (Bhandari et al. Laboratory- scale powder processing of Gac aril and Gac aril extracts has been documented (Kha et al. 2010; Thumthanaruk et al. In these studies, the fresh Gac aril was diluted with a quite high amount of water (5 times), using maltodextrin DE 12 (at least 10% w/v) as a carrier and spray-dried from 120°C to 200°C.
It is possible that the spray drying at the 1 pilot scale to improve the content of Gac aril in the spray-dried powder would be accomplished. Thus, the spray drying of Gac aril should be further investigated. This study aimed to develop a Gac aril powder through two techniques of partially extracted oil followed by grinding and spray drying. The specific objectives were as follows: - Examine the most suitable extracted oil content to pulverize Gac aril - Investigate the spray drying of Gac aril focusing on maltodextrin load and inlet temperature Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of Gac fruit 2.1 Characteristics and growth of Gac plants Momordica Cochinchinnensis Spreng (Gac) is botanically classified as Family Cucurbitaceae, Genus Momordica, Species Cochinchinnensis.
In 1790, Loureiro, a Portuguese missionary priest, christened this resilient perennial vine Muricia cochinchinensis. The name was bestowed upon this plant species, known for its vigorous and rampant growth, in Loureiro's publication, Flora Cochinchinensis. Later, Sprengel concluded that the plant belonged to the Linnean genus Momordica and changed the name in 1826. Day Gac, or Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng as it is scientifically known, is the Vietnamese name for this particular plant species.
This plant species is not only native to Vietnam but also thrives in other countries including China, Moluccas (Burma), Japan, India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Bangladesh. Shadeque and Baruah conducted a study in Assam and found that the fruit weighs between l and 3 kg.