VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY s NGUYEN THI NGA OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN WATER ENVIRONMENT IN HANOI MASTER THESIS Environmental Engineering Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI NGA OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN WATER ENVIRONMENT IN HANOI MASTER’S PROGRAM: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STUDENT ID: 17110042 SUPERVISORS: ASSOC. IKURO KASUGA PROF. HIROYUKI KATAYAMA Hanoi, 2019 SUPERVISORS: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. IKURO KASUGA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Master thesis was completed perfectly in the Vietnam Japan University (VJU) which is a great educational environment for research activities.
I would like to send my special thanks and gratefulness to my supervisors, Assoc. Ikuro Kasuga and Prof. Katayama Hiroyuki who despite of being extraordinarily busy, took time out to hear, guide me many valuable lessons even the basic knowledge. Their advice and encouragement had significantly enriched my quality of master thesis.
Without their guidance, it is impossible for me to finish effectively the thesis. Many thanks go to the other professors in Master's program of Environmental Engineering at Vietnam Japan University, who kindly give necessary advices during my research progress. I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to NIHE-NAGASAKI Friendship Laboratory that supported us having opportunity to do the most important experiment via their facilities (Real-time PCR system) Last but not least, I would like to thank The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for supporting VJU students having a great opportunity for the study at VJU and internship in Japan. I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development and I hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Antibiotic resistance mechanism and spreading pathway. Horizontal gene transfer. Wastewater treatment plant as the hot-spot of ARB and ARGs.
Wastewater treatment plant - meeting place for selection of antibiotic resistance. Removal efficiency of antibiotic, ARB and ARGs in WWTP. Antibiotic resistance in water environment. Two approaches antibiotic resistance in waster environments including ARB and ARGs.
General review for ARB and ARGs in water environments. Antibiotic, ARB, ARGs in different water environments in Vietnam 17 2. Emergence of colistin resistance genes in water environments. Sampling sites in Japan.
Sampling sites in Hanoi. Persistence of ARGs in lab-scale experiment. Water quality measurement. Temperature and Electrical conductivity.
coli and total coliform. Molecular biological analysis. PCR and gel agarose electrophoresis for presence of colistin resistance gene (mcr-1).33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Real time PCR (qPCR).
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES (ARGS) IN DIFFERENT WATER ENVIRONMENTS IN JAPAN. Water quality in Tama river. Water quality in Lake Kasumigaura. Correlation among water quality parameters.
ARGs in Tama River. ARGs in Lake Kasumigaura. PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES (ARGs) IN DIFFERENT WATER ENVIRONMENTS IN HANOI. Water quality in all water environments.
Correlation among water quality parameters. ARGs abundance in different water environments. ARGs abundance in various water environments. Presence of colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) in different water environments.
Seasonal variations of removal efficiency of ARGs in wastewater treatment plant. Seasonal variations of ARGs abundances. Seasonal variation of removal rates of ARGs in wastewater treatment plant. Persistency of ARGs in lab-scale experiment.
Persistence of ARGs in lab-scale experiment. Presence of colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) in lab-scale experiment. COMPARISON OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANGE GENES (ARGs) BETWEEN JAPAN AND HANOI SAMPLES .66 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Wastewater treatment plant removal efficiency.71 REFERENCES APPENDIX LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
Removal rates of ARGs in WWTPs in China. Culture-dependent method and culture-independent method. Description of sampling points in Japan. Seasonal sampling points in Hanoi.
Extended sampling points in Hanoi. FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil Components. The reaction mixture for PCR. Table of sequence primer.
The reaction mixture for qPCR. Water quality of samples in Tama River. Water quality of samples in Lake Kasumigaura. Presence of Colistin resistance gene (mcr-1 ˷ 330 base pairs) .53 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.
Antibiotic resistance mechanism - Gene mutations. Transfer of ARGs in microorganism community. Integron is involved in HGT (Gillings et al. Antibiotic consumption in Vietnam reference (Gelband et al.
Sampling sites in Tama River, Tokyo. Sampling sites in Lake Kasumigaura, Ibaraki prefecture. Kim Nguu river and Yen So WWTP. Extended sampling sites in Hanoi.
Schematic of lab-scale pilot. Correlation between ammonium concentration and log E. Absolute and relative abundances of ARGs in Tama River and Kanda River. coli concentration in Tama River and Kanda River.
Absolute abundance of 16S rRNA genes and Total cell counts in Tama River and Kanda River. Absolute abundance of ARGs and IntI1 in Lake Kasumigaura. Relative abundance of ARGs and IntI1 in Lake Kasumigaura. Relative ratio of ARGs to those at KS1.
Correlation between log E. coli and ammonium concentration. Abundance of ARGs in different water environments. Relative abundance of ARGs in different water environments.
Correlation between each ARGs and IntI1 (MGEs). Image of electrophoresis of mcr-1 genes. Presence of mcr-1 in various categorizes. Absolute abundance of ereA, tetA, tetW, sul in seasonal samples .56 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Absolute abundance of qnrD, blaTEM, 16S rRNA genes and IntI1 in seasonal samples. Log removal rate of E. coli in WWTP. Log removal rate of ammonium in WWTP.
Log removal values of each ARGs and 16S rRNA genes, IntI1. Ammonium concentration in lab-scale pilot. Relative change in E. coli in lab-scale pilot.
Relative change in Total coliform in lab-scale pilot. Log change of ARGs, 16S rRNA genes, IntI1 in INF-aeration (a); INF- No aeration (b); EFF-aeration (c); EFF-No aeration (d). Comparison the water quality of Hanoi and Japan samples. Relative abundance of ARGs to the level at TM1 (Upstream of Tama River) for all samples, circle symbols for Japan samples, and triangle symbols for Hanoi samples.
Log removal values of each ARGs and 16S rRNA genes, IntI1 in Japan .69 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms Original words 16S rRNA 16S ribosomal RNA A/O Anaerobic oxic ARB Antibiotic resistant bacteria ARGs Antibiotic resistance genes CAS Conventional activated sludge CASS Cyclic activated sludge system CDDEP Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CFU Colony forming unit CLSI Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute E. coli Escherichia coli EC Electric conductivity EFF Effluent ESBL Extended spectrum beta-lactamase HGT Horizontal gene transfer INF Influent MGEs Mobile gene elements MICs Minimum inhibitory concentrations MLSB Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B NGS Next generation sequencing PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction WWTP Wastewater treatment plant LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. INTRODUCTION Huge amounts of antibiotic elements have been used for several decades not only for human health but also veterinary and agricultural purposes (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. Even though antibiotic resistances are derived naturally, the abuse of antibiotics in humans and animals mainly contributes to accelerate ability of microorganisms that can stop antibiotics from working against (WHO).
A system of Resistance Map created by Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) warned the spread of antibiotic resistance all over the world. It has been alerted that antibiotic resistance will kill 10 million people per year which is more than deaths caused by cancer in 2050 (O’Neill 2014). Thus, antibiotic resistance is critical health issue in this century. In Vietnam, a high rate of antibiotic resistance is of great concern.
For example, among E. coli isolates, 64 percent of them were resistant to third- generation cephalosporins, and 50 percent were resistant to fluoroquinolones (Gelband et al. In 2000–2001, Vietnam had the highest occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin (71%) and erythromycin (92%) of all countries participating in the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (Gelband et al. According to State of the world’s antibiotics 2015 (Gelband et al.
2015), the antibiotic consumption of Vietnamese is much higher than some other countries (China, Indonesia, Philippines). Although most of the countries in East Asia and Pacific area decreased amount of antibiotic consumption during 2000 – 2010 period, Vietnam is one of three countries which still increased antibiotic utilization year by year. Antibiotic consumption was also indicated as a high rate in Vietnamese hospitals (5,104 of 7,571 patients were receiving antibiotic therapy (67.4%)), and also a high occurrence of inappropriate indications for antibiotic prescriptions (Thu et al. Furthermore, almost antibiotics were sold without prescription respectively 88% in urban and 91% in rural pharmacies (Thi et al.
Hence, people in urban area can purchase antibiotics at drug store, pharmacies without any caution. It can be suspected 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com that improper use of antibiotics for human can promote spread of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam condition. In 2011, antibiotic resistance is believed as one of the three biggest priorities of the Tripartite Alliance (FAO, OIE, WHO) in terms of preventing health risks in the circulation of human–animal–ecosystems. Human and animals play vital role as a source of antibiotic and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) due to the antibiotic consumption (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al.
As a consequence, almost all of the used antibiotic and ARGs are eventually discharged into sewage system, and then into wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Therefore, WWTP can perform function of removal of antibiotic resistance or be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance where horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is expected (Karkman et al. HGT is an important microbial activity and the spreading of genes (ARGs) by HGT to other microorganisms is regarded as augmentation strategies (Smets and Barkay 2005). Due to the rising concern about antibiotic and ARGs pollution in aquatic environment, some studies have been implemented to assess the prevalence of this emerging pollution in WWTP effluent and receiving river (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al.
2015, Urase and Sato 2016), whereas other studies have concentrated on fate of ARGs in livestock breeding wastewater (Jia et al. In Vietnam, there are several studies about antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs including occurrence of ARGs in foodborne (Van et al. 2007), ARGs from hospital wastewater (Lien et al. 2017), ARB and ARGs in aquatic environment (Phuong Hoa et al.
2008, Hoa et al. 2011, Takasu et al. 2011, Nakayama et al. However, only Nakayama et al.
(2017) mentioned quantities of ARGs in water environment in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Therefore, little information on level of ARGs in water environment was available, and the fate of ARGs in northern area remains unknown. Our study will fill in the gap and contribute to clarify importance of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam with two main objectives below: 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1) Reveal the prevalence of ARGs in water environment in Hanoi • To investigate presence of ARGs in urban water environments • To evaluate the role of urban water environment in terms of spreading ARGs as well as the efficiency of removal ARGs of sewage treatment plant 2) Comparison ARGs situation between Vietnam and Japan aquatic environment • To compare ARGs pollution in aquatic environment situation between Vietnam (Hanoi) and Japan (Tokyo, Saitama, Ibaraki) and the significance of ARGs in Vietnam condition could be asserted. 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Antibiotic resistance mechanism and spreading pathway Following WHO definition, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or antibiotic resistance is the situation where microorganism such as bacteria, viruses or parasites can resistant to antimicrobial agents. Consequently, common antibiotic become ineffective and antibiotic resistance spread to others. Bacteria contains specific genes allowing them to adapt with environmental threat including the environment with presence of antibiotic.